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23 Cards in this Set

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Biological definition from anthropology
Human beings are biologically the same, Homosapiens.

As humans began to migrate out of Africa (b/t 1.7-1 million years ago) certain characteristics were superior for the elements of different areas.
The sun produces Vitamin A & D, which is needed for strong bones necessary for reproduction (without strong bones pelvis would break during pregnancy, labor & delivery and when performing manual labor).
Too much or not enough sun is bad (osteoporosis, skin cancer, sunburn, sun poisoning).
Biological definition from anthropology 2
People with different melanin levels became better equip for certain areas, to filter in or out sunrays.

Everyone can biologically actualize the same level of melanin.
People within a homogeneous group can have varying degrees of characteristics. People with lighter complexions, eyes and finer hair, which all lets in more sun, were more successfully able to reproduce the further you got away from the equator, and the closer you got to the equator the people with darker skin, eyes and coarser hair, which filters out more sun.
Biological definition from anthropology 3
Over thousands of years those who had superior characteristics for specific regions reproduced more successfully and lived longer.

After thousands of years those with superior characteristics for that region are who survived in that area, while those with other characteristics reproduced less successfully and their characteristics gradually became extinct to the area.

Thus specific characteristics became concentrated in that population of people. This is how different “races” came to inhabit the earth).
Today we have synthetic vitamins and sunblock, so people can control some of the things our ancestors had to rely on nature and the elements for.
Race
A socially constructed term to refer to a category of people who are defined as similar because of a number of physical characteristics.
We all started out from the same ancestor’s 30,000 years ago.
Biologically we are all Homosapiens. Unlike some animal species Homosapiens, or humans, have no subspecies. “There is only one race, the human one. The concept of race is not genetic, but social. There is no gene for race. We are all one.”(Nancy Burson)
Ethnicity
this applies to cultural characteristics that people use to identify with one another on the basis of common ancestral and cultural heritage, language or religion.
** Race is subjective and changes overtime**

Part one
1. In the U.S. in the 19th and early 20th century immigrants from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Germany, Scotland, France, Ireland, Italy and more immigrated to the U.S. They were segregated into separate neighborhoods and were treated with prejudice as minorities
** Race is subjective and changes overtime**

Part two
2. It got hard overtime, once there were 4th and 5th generation, to differentiate the others from some or most British and German American [which are the two groups that constituted the original American colonies].

They no longer spoke their native tongue or had their native accent, so they were called white and assimilated into the category “white” because they looked white.
Majority gets to choose...
The majority gets to choose whom to include and exclude from the power and privileges of the majority. Now it’s who “looks” white/Caucasian.
Caucasian-
People who are from the Caucasus Mountain range in Europe between the Caspian and Black seas.
*U.S. now: Hierarchy of Power

(remember the definition of power from previous lecture).
White men
Asian men---------white women
Black men---------asian women
black women
Hispanic, Native, American, and Middle Eastern population
The Hispanic, Native American and Middle Eastern population isn’t even in the current U.S. hierarchy of power because they have little or no power in the U.S. power structure.

They have it at some local levels, but not national.
Racism as a concept
Racism as a concept is relatively new, surfacing only during the late 1960’s (July 2nd, civil rights act).

As an act it is as old as history.
Racism
Results from the transformation of race prejudice and/or ethnocentrism through the exercise of power against a racial group defined as inferior, by individuals and institutions with the intentional or unintentional support of the entire culture.

Discrimination can be based on many characteristics other than race, but when the basis of discrimination is race it is racism.
3 Types of Racism
Individual
Institutional
Cultural
Individual racism
when an individual considers that people of a different nationality than their own, as a group, are inferior to their own group because of differences in physical traits.

He/she believes these physical traits are determinants of inferior social behavior
Institutional racism
when the established laws, customs, or practices systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities.

When the institutions that make up the fabric of your society have racism embedded in them. (Racial profiling of police, media portraying the image of young black women welfare recipients when 69% are white, internment camps during WWII).
Cultural racism-
The beliefs in the inferiority of another’s culture, which are made up of such things as the handicrafts, agriculture, economics, music, art, religions, and language of a group.

(Negative reactions to people with accents or who speak another language, Protestant holidays celebrated nationally- but no other, strange or negative reaction when seeing a person in ethnic clothing, finding the cuisine of another culture bad).
****Racism can be conscious or unconscious***
Leads to a perception of people that are other than us as minorities

- A group of people singled out from others in a society for unequal treatment and discrimination because of physical or cultural characteristics.

Society sets them apart and subjugates them. (The 8 groups in the U.S.)
8 Minority groups in the US
1.Women
2.Homosexuals
3.Adolescence
4.Aged
5.Handicapped/deformities/birth defects
6.Certain religions
7.Different nationalities
8.Obese individuals
Stereotype
over generalizations about a category of people that are applied to all members of that category.
Prejudice:
A belief. An attitude or thought about a person, organization or group. An opinion formed beforehand about something without knowing the specific persons or individuals. It is based on insufficient knowledge, irrational feelings, or inaccurate stereotypes.
Discrimination:
An action. An act of unfair treatment toward an individual, group or organization.
6 Outcomes of Discrimination
1.Assimilation

2.Pluralism/Multiculturalism

3.Subjugation/Internal Colonialism

4.Segregation

5.Expulsion/Population Transfer

6.Annihilation/Genocide/Ethnic Cleansing