Penny- Fetal Genitourinary System

Front 1

What is allantois?

Back 1

Membrane that is present during early embryonic development that contributes to urinary bladder formation and development.

Front 2

What is ambiguous genitalia?

Back 2

Birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determined.

Front 3

What is autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease?

Back 3

Inherited disease that occurs later in life. Renal, liver, pancreas cysts.

Aka Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

Front 4

What is autosomal recessive?

Back 4

A disorder or trait that both parents must have and are carriers of the gene for the disease. Fetus inherits it.

Front 5

What is autosomal recessive Polycystic kidney disease?

Back 5

Inherited renal disease that results, bilateral kidneys enlarged with microscopic renal cysts.

Aka infantile Polycystic kidney disease.

Front 6

What is autosomal recessive Polycystic kidney disease?

Back 6

Inherited renal disease that results, bilateral kidneys enlarged with microscopic renal cysts.

Aka infantile Polycystic kidney disease.

Front 7

What’s bladder exstrophy?

Back 7

Bladder is presented outside of the abdomen. (Birth defect)

Front 8

Caliectasis is?

Back 8

Dilation of the calices

Front 9

What is cloaca?

Back 9

Embryonic structure that develops into the normal rectum and urogenital sinus

Front 10

What’s cloacal exstrophy?

Back 10

Birth defect; consist of omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, spina bifida.

(OEIS complex)

Front 11

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

Back 11

Enlargement of an organ because its overworking. Seen when part of an organ has been destroyed or absent or decreased function of paired organs.

Front 12

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

Back 12

Enlargement of an organ because its overworking. Seen when part of an organ has been destroyed or absent or decreased function of paired organs.

Front 13

What’s encephalocele?

Back 13

Protrusion of the brain and meninges through a defect in the skull.

Front 14

What’s a hydrocele?

Back 14

Fluid collection within the scrotum between two layers of the tunica vaginalis.

Front 15

What’s a hydrocele?

Back 15

Fluid collection within the scrotum between two layers of the tunica vaginalis.

Front 16

Hydronephrosis also called?

What is this?

Back 16

Pelvocaliectasis / pelvicaliectasis.

Dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Front 17

What’s a hydrocele?

Back 17

Fluid collection within the scrotum between two layers of the tunica vaginalis.

Front 18

Hydronephrosis also called?

What is this?

Back 18

Pelvocaliectasis / pelvicaliectasis.

Dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Front 19

What’s hydroureter?

Back 19

Distention of the ureter with fluid because of obstruction.

Front 20

What is hypospadias?

Back 20

Abnormal curvature of the penis as a result of shortened urethra that exits on the ventral penile shaft.

Front 21

Keyhole sign is and associated with?

Back 21

PUV.

Dilated bladder and urethra due to bladder outlet obstruction.

Front 22

Keyhole sign is and associated with?

Back 22

PUV.

Dilated bladder and urethra due to bladder outlet obstruction.

Front 23

What’s the lying down adrenal sign?

Back 23

Absence (renal agenesis) and the adrenal glands lie in a parallel position within the abdomen.

Front 24

Keyhole sign is and associated with?

Back 24

PUV.

Dilated bladder and urethra due to bladder outlet obstruction.

Front 25

What’s the lying down adrenal sign?

Back 25

Absence (renal agenesis) and the adrenal glands lie in a parallel position within the abdomen.

Front 26

What is megacystis?

Back 26

Abnormally enlarged urinary bladder.

Front 27

What is the most common solid fetal renal mass?

Back 27

Mesoblastic nephroma

Front 28

What is moiety?

Back 28

(Renal) refers to a separating collecting system in the upper pole or lower pole of the kidney in a duplex collecting system.

Front 29

What’s multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

Back 29

Fetal renal disease thought to be cause my early renal obstruction. Leads to development of multiple noncommunicating cysts of varying size in renal fossa

Front 30

What’s multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

Back 30

Fetal renal disease thought to be cause my early renal obstruction. Leads to development of multiple noncommunicating cysts of varying size in renal fossa

Front 31

What’s the malignant tumor of fetal adrenal glands or sympathetic system?

Back 31

Neuroblastoma

Front 32

What is obstructive cystic dysplasia look sonographically?

Back 32

Fetal disorder caused by early renal obstruction; leads to small and echogenic kidneys that have cysts along their margins.

Front 33

What is OEIS complex?

Back 33

Omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, spina bifida.

AKA Cloacal Exstrophy

Front 34

What is a perineum?

Back 34

Space between the external genitalia and anus.

Front 35

Facial features seen with severe oligo, low set ears, flattened nose, wrinkled skin, micrognathia. Suspect?

Back 35

Potter facies

Front 36

What is potter syndrome?

Back 36

Oligohydramnios, abnormal facies, bilateral renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, limb abnormalities. (Potter sequence).

Front 37

What is potter syndrome?

Back 37

Oligohydramnios, abnormal facies, bilateral renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, limb abnormalities. (Potter sequence).

Front 38

Prune belly syndrome is?

Back 38

Abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder.

Front 39

What is potter syndrome?

Back 39

Oligohydramnios, abnormal facies, bilateral renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, limb abnormalities. (Potter sequence).

Front 40

Prune belly syndrome is?

Back 40

Abdominal wall musculature being stretched by the extremely enlarged urinary bladder.

Front 41

Renal calices are?

Back 41

Part of the collecting system that encompass the apex of the renal pyramids.

Front 42

Cryptochordism is?

Back 42

Undescended testicles

Front 43

What’s a uterocele?

Back 43

Abnormality in which the distal ureter projects into the urinary bladder

Front 44

What’s the urachus?

Back 44

Canal connecting the fetal bladder with the allantois; normally closes during fetal development and becomes a fibrous cord.

Front 45

Ureterovesicular junction is?

Back 45

The junction of the ureter and the urinary bladder.

Front 46

Ureterovesicular junction obstruction is?

Back 46

Obstruction located in the region where the ureter meets the bladder.

Front 47

Ureterovesicular junction obstruction is?

Back 47

Obstruction located in the region where the ureter meets the bladder.

Front 48

What is urethral atresia?

Back 48

Congenital Absence of urethra

Front 49

What is vesicoureteral reflux?

Back 49

Retrograde flow of urine from urinary bladder to the ureters

Front 50

What is the most common renal anomaly?

Back 50

Duplex collecting system (Duplicated or double collecting system)

Front 51

In embryology the bladder is continuous with _________however it eventually closes and develops into a fibrous cord called ____________

Back 51

Allantois; urachus

Front 52

This is between the apex of the bladder and the umbilicus?

Back 52

Urachus

Front 53

Fetal bladder can be seen?

Back 53

Early as 12 weeks, but most definitely 15 weeks and more.

Front 54

Fetal bladder can be seen?

Back 54

Early as 12 weeks, but most definitely 15 weeks and more.

Front 55

What do adrenal glands in utero look like?

Located?

Back 55

Hypoechoic, triangular. Superior to the upper pole of the kidneys.

Front 56

What’s the most frequent cause of Oligohydramnios?

Back 56

Renal abnormalities. If oligo is discovered, a thorough analysis of the fetal urinary tract should be done

Front 57

The most worrisome consequence of Oligohydramnios is?

Back 57

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Front 58

The “lying down” adrenal sign is associated with?

Back 58

renal agenesis

Front 59

Severe Oligohydramnios is associated with?

Back 59

Absent bladder, kidneys

Front 60

Severe Oligohydramnios is associated with what structures missing?

Back 60

Absent bladder, kidneys

Front 61

If there is nonvisual of kidneys, what is an approach to confirm this finding?

Back 61

Color Doppler, locate renal artery branches off the abdominal aorta. If there is none, confirmed renal agenesis.

Front 62

Bilateral renal agenesis is associate with?

Back 62

Sirenomelia and cardiovascular malformations.

Front 63

What is the most common location for an ectopic kidney?

Back 63

Fetal Pelvis

Front 64

With unilateral renal agenesis, the contralateral kidney will have what condition?

Back 64

Compensatory hypertrophy

Front 65

What are the features of Potter syndrome?

Back 65

Bilateral renal agenesis, facial feature abnormalities, limb abnormalities, IUGR, pulmonary hypoplasia.

Front 66

What are the sonographic findings for bilateral renal agenesis?

Back 66

Oligohydramnios, absent bladder, absent kidneys, lying down sign adrenals, undetectable renal arteries with color Doppler, severe Oligohydramnios or anhydramnios.

Front 67

Sonographic findings for unilateral renal agenesis?

Back 67

Hypertrophy kidney (one kidney), absent kidney, normal amniotic fluid, one renal artery, visible urinary bladder, unilateral lying down adrenal.

Front 68

What is the prognosis for unilateral renal agenesis?

Back 68

Good. Average amount of amniotic fluid.

Front 69

What are the categories of potter syndrome?

Back 69

Autosomal recessive Polycystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease, multicystic dysplastic kidney disease, obstructive cystic dysplasia.

Front 70

Sonographic findings with autosomal recessive Polycystic kidney disease is?

Back 70

Enlarged, echogenic, bilateral kidneys. Can’t identify bladder, Oligohydramnios.

Front 71

Sonographic findings with autosomal recessive Polycystic kidney disease is?

Back 71

Enlarged, echogenic, bilateral kidneys. Can’t identify bladder, Oligohydramnios.

Front 72

What condition is associated with ARPKD?

Back 72

Meckel Gruber Syndrome

(Includes renal cystic Disease, polydactyly, encephalocele)

Front 73

What chromosomal abnormalities may have Polycystic kidney disease?

Back 73

Trisomy 13, trisomy 18

Front 74

Sonographic findings with autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease?

Back 74

Bilateral, enlarged, echogenic kidneys. Bladder is present, Normal amniotic fluid.

Front 75

Sonographic findings with autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease?

Back 75

Bilateral, enlarged, echogenic kidneys. Bladder is present, Normal amniotic fluid.

Front 76

How to differentiate finding of enlarged, echogenic kidneys in utero? It can be either ARPKD or ADPKD.

Back 76

ARPKD- no bladder, Oligohydramnios.

ADPKD- bladder present, normal amniotic fluid. Manifests fourth or fifth decade of life.

Front 77

ADPKD manifests when?

Involved with which organs?

Results?

Back 77

4th of 5th decade of life.

Affects cysts in liver, spleen, renal, pancreas.

Results potential death of end stage renal failure

Front 78

What’s multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

Back 78

AKA multicystic renal dysplasia. Caused by an early, first trimester obstruction of the ureter. Cyst that vary in size and are noncommunicating in utero. Typically no normal functioning renal tissue present in the kidney. Most cases Unilateral. If bilateral: fatal.

Front 79

What’s multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

Back 79

AKA multicystic renal dysplasia. Caused by an early, first trimester obstruction of the ureter. Cyst that vary in size and are noncommunicating in utero. Typically no normal functioning renal tissue present in the kidney. Most cases Unilateral. If bilateral: fatal.

Front 80

What are the sonographic findings if bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney diseases?

Back 80

Oligohydramnios, no bladder present, fatal, bilateral, smooth walled, noncommunicating renal cysts

Front 81

What’s multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

Back 81

AKA multicystic renal dysplasia. Caused by an early, first trimester obstruction of the ureter. Cyst that vary in size and are noncommunicating in utero. Typically no normal functioning renal tissue present in the kidney. Most cases Unilateral. If bilateral: fatal.

Front 82

What are the sonographic findings if bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney diseases?

Back 82

Oligohydramnios, no bladder present, fatal, bilateral, smooth walled, noncommunicating renal cysts

Front 83

Sonographic findings of unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

Back 83

Normal amniotic fluid, bladder, present, unilateral smooth walled, noncommmunicating cyst in one renal fossa. Compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney.

Front 84

Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease are associated with??

Back 84

Abnormalities of the Gastrointestinal tract and CNS, limb anomalies, renal abnormalities.

Front 85

What is obstructive cystic dysplasia?

Back 85

It’s an early first trimester renal obstruction like MCDK disease. It can occur unilateral or bilateral.

Unilateral- most often caused by pelviureteral junction or vesicoureteral junction obstruction. (Area of the ureter and the renal pelvis.)

Bilateral- may be associated with urethral atresia or posterior urethral valves.

Front 86

This occurs early in gestation and it can lead to bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia, in which case Oligohydramnios will be present.

Back 86

Ureterocele

Front 87

This occurs early in gestation and it can lead to bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia, in which case Oligohydramnios will be present.

Back 87

Ureterocele

Front 88

Sonographic findings of bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia?

Back 88

Small, echogenic kidneys. Peripheral renal cysts, Oligohydramnios, bilateral hydronephrosis, thick walled urinary bladder.

Front 89

If there is an obstruction at the uterovesicular junction, what is dilated?

Back 89

This is a the area where the ureter meets the bladder. Proximal to this location is dilated. Ureter, renal pelvis and renal calices are dilated and filled with urine.

Front 90

If there is an obstruction at the uterovesicular junction, what is dilated?

Back 90

This is a the area where the ureter meets the bladder. Proximal to this location is dilated. Ureter, renal pelvis and renal calices are dilated and filled with urine.

Front 91

An obstruction occurs in the ureteropelvic, what will be dilated?

Back 91

This is the area where the renal pelvis meets the ureter. The renal pelvis, renal calices is dilated. Ureter and bladder will most likely remain normal. That is if the contralateral urine flow is not obstructed in any way.

Front 92

If there is an obstruction at the uterovesicular junction, what is dilated?

Back 92

This is a the area where the ureter meets the bladder. Proximal to this location is dilated. Ureter, renal pelvis and renal calices are dilated and filled with urine.

Front 93

An obstruction occurs in the ureteropelvic, what will be dilated?

Back 93

This is the area where the renal pelvis meets the ureter. The renal pelvis, renal calices is dilated. Ureter and bladder will most likely remain normal. That is if the contralateral urine flow is not obstructed in any way.

Front 94

What the most common fetal abnormality of the genitourinary system documented during an OB exam?

Back 94

Hydronephrosis

Front 95

Renal pelvis measurement should not exceed _____ before 20 weeks or ______ after 20 weeks gestation.

Back 95

Before 20 weeks; not exceed 7 mm.

After 20 weeks, not exceed 10 mm. W

Front 96

Renal pelvis measurement should not exceed _____ before 20 weeks or ______ after 20 weeks gestation.

Back 96

Before 20 weeks; not exceed 7 mm.

After 20 weeks, not exceed 10 mm. W

Front 97

What are the most common areas where obstruction occurs for genitourinary system?

Back 97

UPJ, uterovesicular junction, and urethra

Front 98

What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and most common form of fetal renal obstruction?

Back 98

Uteropelvic junction obstruction

Front 99

Fetal pyelectasis is a sonographic marker for?

Back 99

Down syndrome

Front 100

Fetal pyelectasis is a sonographic marker for?

Back 100

Down syndrome

Front 101

Sonographic finding for uteropelvic junction obstruction?

Back 101

Dilated renal pelvis, renal calices. Normal bladder, normal ureters.

Front 102

What is a common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male fetus?

Back 102

Posterior urethral valve

Front 103

Posterior urethral valve results in dilation of?

Back 103

Bladder, ureter, renal pelvis, renal calices. Oligohydramnios and bladder wall thickening.

Front 104

Sonographic findings for posterior urethral valve?

Back 104

Key hole sign, male only,

Dilated posterior urethra.

Dilated bladder, ureter (Hydroureter)

Dilated renal pelvis, renal calices (hydronephrosis) Oligohydramnios, bladder wall thickened.

Front 105

This finding is in males, dilated bladder, keyhole sign appearance, undescended Testicles, urinary tract abnormalities. Suspect?

Back 105

Prune Belly Syndrome

Front 106

Prune belly syndrome consists?

Back 106

Is a triad of absent abdominal musculature, undescended testis, and urinary tract abnormalities.

Front 107

Sonographic finding to ureterovesicular junction obstruction?

Back 107

Hydronephrosis, dilated ureter, renal pelvis, renal calices, normal bladder. Normal amniotic fluid.

Front 108

Sonographic finding Bladder Exstrophy?

Back 108

Absent bladder, normal kidneys, normal amniotic fluid, lower abdominal mass inferior to the umbilicus.

Front 109

Cloaca exstrophy is also referred to as?

Back 109

OEIS complex

Front 110

What is the most common solid, fetal renal mass?

Back 110

Mesoblastic Nephroma (Hamartoma of the kidney)

Front 111

What is the most common solid, fetal renal mass?

Back 111

Mesoblastic Nephroma (Hamartoma of the kidney)

Front 112

Describe sono appearance of mesoblastic nephroma?

Back 112

Solid, homogenous mass in the renal fossa. May completely replace the kidney.

Front 113

The most common female finding of the fetal genitalia is?

Back 113

Clitoromegaly

Front 114

What is the most common malignant, abdominal mass in neonates?

Back 114

Neuroblastoma (located primarily within the adrenal gland.)

Front 115

Which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome?

A. Undescended testis

B. Dilated urinary bladder and urethra

C. Abdominal muscle hypertrophy

D. Megacystis

Back 115

C- Abdominal muscle hypertrophy

Front 116

Which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome?

A. Undescended testis

B. Dilated urinary bladder and urethra

C. Abdominal muscle hypertrophy

D. Megacystis

Back 116

C- Abdominal muscle hypertrophy

Front 117

An obstruction at the ureterovesicular junction would lead to dilation of the?

A. Bladder, urethra, ureters

B. Ureter, renal collecting system

C. Bladder and Urethra

D. Bladder, Urethra, Ureters.

Back 117

B. Ureter and renal collecting system

Front 118

What is the most common fetal renal tumor?

Back 118

Mesoblastic nephroma

Front 119

What is the most common malignant adrenal pediatric tumor?

Back 119

Neuroblastoma