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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
function of the _ Main job—filter waste products & remove excess fluid from the blood.
Metabolic waste such as nitrogenous and acidic Hormones, drugs, and other foreign material from the body |
kidney
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Functions of _:
Regulate water, electrolytes and acid/base balance in the body Secrete erythropoietin (RBC producer) Activate vitamin D Regulate BP through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
kidneys
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_= sphincter decreased muscular control, clonnis or flacid
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incontinence
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Reabsorption of fluid and elctrolytes: _— from _ –controls reabsorption of H20 by altering permeability of distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct
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ADH
posterior pituitary |
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Reabsorption of fluid and elctrolytes: _— from _—controls reabsorption of Na & H20 by exchanging Na ions for K or H ions in the distal convoluted tubule
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aldosterone
adrenal cortex |
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Reabsorption of fluid and elctrolytes: _— from _—controls fluid balance by reducing Na & fluid reabsorption in the kidneys
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Atrial naturietic hormone
atria |
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_ rate: By constricting or dilating the arterioles, the amount of blood in the _ capillaries is adjusted & filtration is normally maintained regardless of fluctuations in BP.
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glomerular
glomerular |
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_ example: if afferent arteriole is dilated, the efferent arteriole is constricted. This results in hydrostatic pressure increase &_increases.
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GFR
GFR |
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3 factors to control GFR: 1. _
running from a bear or rest & digest. If running from a bear, vasoconstriction occurs in both arterioles |
SNS
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3 factors to control GFR: 2.
_ is released from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney when blood flow in afferent is reduced->blood to the lungs stimulates _ release (acts as a vasoconstrictor). |
Renin
angiotensin |
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3 factors to control GFR: 3.
Local reflex adjustments in _ of arterioles due to changes in blood flow. |
diameters
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So think of _as the ability of the kidneys to hold onto or release more fluid as necessary.
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GFR
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Pathology involving multiple systems is going to affect _
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GFR
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If Blood pressure is too low or too high, then _ is going to either be the cause or is going to react to the cause to regulate control of the body’s fluid levels.
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GFR
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_: 6 million Americans
Usually from E. Coli Usually ascending in origin Patients often perceive it as “back pain” Women > men due to urethra shortness. |
UTI
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With a UTI Teach _ ( ) and _
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Proper toileting, (wipe front to back)
Urinate after sex |
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_ s and s:
frequency, urgency, dysuria, nocturia, fever, chills, malaise Ipsilateral shoulder pain is possible when kidneys are involved |
UTI
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_ Infectious process (acute) involving the kidneys or chronic inflammatory dz affecting kidney parenchyma & renal pelvis (chronic)
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Pyelonephritis
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_ Pyelonephritis: bacteria ascending from bladder to kidneys
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acute
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_ Pyelonephritis: tubulointestinal disorder due to changes in the kidneys. Can lead to renal insufficiency
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chronic
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_ s and s
Acute=abrupt. Fever, chills, malaise, HA, flank pain. CVA pain (Murphy’s sign) Chronic—depends on cause. |
Pyelonephritis
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_ Incidence—3-4% of all CA
Renal cell carcinoma is most common. Males>females Etiology is linked to heredity. Risk factors: smoking, obesity, HTN, asbestos exposure |
renal CA
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_ s and s
Classic triad—flank pain, hematuria, palpable abdominal mass Hematuria—present in 50% of all cases |
Renal CA
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_
Incidence—5% of adults. Males>females.30-60 y/o for men, 20-30 for women. Etiology—patients w/gout are more likely to develop uric acid derived stones. Dehydration leads to production. Risk factors—obesity in women, excess intake of Ca, Na, sucrose, & animal protein. A lack of Ca & K. |
Nephrolithiasis
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_ s and s
Acute colicky flank pain radiating to groin or perineal areas w/hematuria. Unable to find a comfortable position. UTI symptoms are usually also present in over 90% of cases. |
Nephrolithiasis
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_ 3 most common causes are DM, HTN & glomerulonephritis
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Kidney Dz or Renal Failure
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_: ESRD is the final stage w/loss of the kidneys resulting in dialysis or kidney transplant
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Kidney Dz or Renal Failure
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_
Incidence—20 million Risk factor to be aware of is increased analgesic use Pathogenesis—destruction of the nephrons leads to decreased surface area available for filtration to occur. The kidneys are unable to regulate fluids, electrolytes, & pH balance or remove metabolic wastes from the blood. |
Kidney Dz or Renal Failure
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_ Numerous causes
Reduced GFR—oliguria (reduced pee) or anuria (no pee) |
acute renal failure
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_ s and s
Elevated BUN Metabolic acidosis Hyperkalemia |
acute renal failure
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_ HTN or DM causes it
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Chronic renal failure
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_ s and s
Early—polyuria, anorexia, nausea, anemia, fatigue, exercise intolerance, HTN End stage—oliguria, dry pruiritic, hyperpigmented & easily bruised skin Peripheral neuropathy CHF Encephalopathy |
Chronic renal failure
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_ Occurs as a result of any dz that causes damage to the nephrons
Pathogenesis—damage to the glomerular cells allows larger molecules such as proteins to escape out of the circulation & into the urine. |
Nephrotic syndrome
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_ s and s
Proteinuria, hyperlipidemia; edema (principal symptom that brings patient to the physician) |
Nephrotic syndrome
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types of urinary incontinence:
_ (leaks with sneeze, cough, exertion) _ (Gotta go, Gotta go) _(weakness, and urgency) _ (involuntary dribble or leaks) |
Stress
Urge Mixed Overflow |
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_ risk factors
Advancing age Chronic cough Diabetes Mellitus Neurologic disorders Gender: female > male Enlarged abdomen (ascites, tumor) |
Urinary incontinence
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_ modifiable risk factors
Overweight/obese Chronic constipation History of urinary tract infections (UTI) Enlarged abdomen (pregnancy, obesity) Caffeine, alcohol intake Medications * diuretics* (nsaids, acetomenophin) |
Urinary incontinence
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If born with a missing kidney are more likely to have a missing _
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ear
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