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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
_ Causes
1. Smoking—inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin which leads to destruction of elastic fibers

2. Hereditary alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency—breaks down elastase—an enzyme that breaks down elastic fibers (usually hereditary if they are below 40)

Lung tissue w/out elastic ability becomes stretched out so less alveoli. Alveoli @ base of the base lungs are larger and stretched out.
emphysema
Alveoli sacs become stretched out and lose elasticity
emphysema
_ S and S
SOB
DOE
Orthopnea (only able to breathe in upright position)
Wheezing
Increased respiratory rate
Peripheral cyanosis
**Pursed lip breathing
Malaise
Chronic cough
**Barrel chest
Weight loss
Use of accessory muscles
Prolonged expiratory period (w/grunting)
Don’t want to exercise!!
emphysema
_

Pink Puffers:
Slender
Lungs bulge out over ribs
Breathe through pursed lips—creates pressure to allow more air out
emphysema
pink puffers
emphysema
how to do pursed lip breathing.
have to do this for any activity they are doing, if they don’t they will _
smell the flowers, and blow out the birthday candle

pass out
Asthma 2 types:
1._—breath in particle-> allergen response->IgE lands on mast cell in bronchial tree-> bronchoconstriction. Pt will state “can’t get the air in” but the problem is they can’t get the air out.
2. _—sucks in cooler air which causes bronchoconstriction & mucus production. Ex—exercise induced asthma.
extrinsic
intrinsic
_ s and s
Episodes of dyspnea
Cough w/w/o sputum production, especially 5 or 10 minutes after exercise begins
Skin retraction(clavicles, ribs, sternum)
Abnormal fatigue
Tickle in the back of the throat accompanied by a cough
Tickle occassionally @ back of neck
*wheezing (noise of air pushing over mucus plug)
Nostril flaring (advanced)
asthma
stages of asthma
Symptoms reverse w/cessation of activity
mild
stages of asthma

Audible wheezing, use of accessory muscles, leaning forward to catch breath
moderate
stages of asthma
Blue lips/fingernails, tachypnea (30-40/min) despite cessation of activity, cyanotic-induced seizures, skin & rib retraction.
severe
Pneumoconiosis (restrictive):
_dz—lung becomes scarred down, can lead to 50% lung vital capacity
Coal miners Dz
_
Inhaled particles
Silicosis—mesotheiloma
Pneumoconiosis (restrictive)
Pneumoconiosis (restrictive):
_- breathing in asbestos
_- CA of pleural sacs, metastasizes everywhere
asbestosis
mesothelioma
_ Most common inherited genetic dz in whites. Disorder involves blocking of the Cl channel, this keeps Cl, Na & H20 inside, producing a thick mucous that affects the hepatic, digestive, male reproductive & respiratory system.
cystic fibrosis
_ s and S

Persistent coughing/wheezing
Recurrent pneumonia
Excessive appetite but poor weight gain
Salty, skin/sweat
Bulky foul smelling stools

_ S & S:
Tachypnea,sustained chronic cough, barrel chest, use of accessory muscles, cyanosis & clubbing, exertional dyspnea. Possible: pneumothorax, hemoptysis, R sided heart failure due to pulmonary HTN.
cystic fibrosis
Pulmonary
Collapse of alveoli
Atelectasis
1st breath—alveoli collapse due to lack of surfactin
atelectasis neonatorum
patient not taking a deep breat->collapse alveoli, nonventilated airway-> leads to mucus plugs-> bacteria party! (moist and warm)
Acquired atelectasis
ARDS=
high % die
adult respiratory distress syndrom
DIC= _ (free floating clot)
Disseminated intra vascular coagulation
_
Leading neoplasm for death. Incidence is high.
Etiology?
A lot of times, mentation has changed & this leads to lung CA discovery
Types:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Bronchoalveolar neoplasms
Carcinoid neoplasm
lung neoplasms
early symptoms of _ Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Seizures
Recurrent pneumonia
Sudden unexplained weight loss
lung CA
_ Necrotizing infection of bronchi that destroys the muscular wall & elastic components of the bronchus-> irreversible dilation of bronchi
_ —mucopurulent sputum
Bronchiectasis
Fecal breath
_
Child is born premature...last system to develop in the _
__pneumocytes secrete surfactin, keep alveoli open
-If born premature they are given a _surfactant till these cells are produced
lungs
Type II
synthetic
v=
q=
ventilation
perfusion
_Neonatal RDS—abnormal growth of tissue in the lungs, parenchyma
Also have abnormal cilia in the trachea
Combined, these lead to poor endurance functionally
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
~ 10% of all patients with acute _ die during the first 1 to 3 months after diagnosis.
Overall, 1% of all patients admitted to hospitals die of acute _
pulmonary Embolus
_ Accumulation of air in the pleural space. Rx is a chest tube
part of the trachea moves over to the side
pneumothorax
_ s and s

Dyspnea
Sudden sharp chest pain
Shoulder pain
Weak & rapid pulse
BP drop
Dry, hacking cough
pneumothorax
Treatment is a chest tube to drain out air and fluid from the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
Pleural effusion types
H2o in pleural space
hydrothorax
Pleural effusion types
purulent exudate, infection
pyothorax
Pleural effusion types
infection w/fibrosis
empyema
Pleural effusion types

blood in pleural cavity (TB, CA, aneurysm)
hemothorax
Infection in pleural cavity, causing inflammation of the pleural lining
pleuritis
_ s and s
Sharp Chest pain
Cough
Dyspnea
Fever, chills
Tachypnea
pleuritis
_ Retention of CO2 >45 mmHg

Causes—emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, Spinal Cord Injury
respiratory acidosis
_ s and s

Decreased ventilation
Confusion
Shallow rapid breathing
Diaphoresis
Restlessness
Cyanosis
Sleepiness & unconsciousness
respiratory acidosis
In the lungs the pH is dropping bc there is retention of co2
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilating to bring CO2 levels down
Respiratory Alkalosis
_ s and S
Lightheadedness
Dizziness
Numbness & tingling of the face, fingers, & toes
Syncope
Respiratory Alkalosis
_- body tries to respond to the condition
_- they have a pathology that does not allow the body to compensate (if continues they will die)
Compensated
Uncompensated
normal Ph level _
Acidosis Uncomp _
Comp _
Alkalosis uncomp _
comp _
7.35-7.45
< 7.35
normal
>7.45
normal
Normal PCO2 levels_
Acidosis Uncomp _
Comp _
Alkalosis uncomp _
comp _
35-45
>45
>45
<35
<35
Normal HCO3 Levels _
Acidosis Uncomp _
Comp _
Alkalosis uncomp _
comp _
22-26
normal
>26
normal
,22
_ End result of many respiratory dzs
PaO2 is <50 mmHg or PaCO2 is >50 mmHg & pH is decreasing (7.3)
These values will not meet bodys demand at rest
Acute respiratory failure
_ s and s
Rapid, shallow, often labored respirations, hypoxia & hypercapnia include HA, tachycardia, lethargy, & confusion
Acute respiratory failure