Pathology Test 1 Lecture 2

Front 1

__ is what causes the disease

Back 1

etiology

Front 2

liquefactive necrosis usually occurs with

Back 2

bacterial infections

Front 3

Alteration in a cell’s functional environment, either acute or chronic, produces a stress to the cell’s ability to attain or maintain ___

Back 3

homeostasis

Front 4

When a cell is unable to adapt, injury can occur. After cell injury, the body reacts by initiating the process of ___

Back 4

inflammation

Front 5

A __ injury occurs if the stress is small or short in duration, allowing the cell to recover homeostasis after removal of the stress.

Back 5

reversible

Front 6

As part of the healing process, the ___ process is responsible for the removal of the injurious agent, removal of cellular debris, & the initiation of the healing process.

Back 6

inflammatory

Front 7

The healing process occurs to allow restoration of structure & function whenever possible. return to ___

Back 7

homeostasis

Front 8

The two principal phagocytes are ___ and ___ and both are leukocytes.

Back 8

neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes

Front 9

There are five types of leukocytes:

Back 9

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.

Front 10

cells that circulate in the blood and act as macrophages (when the leave the blood they are called macrophages in the interstitian)

Back 10

monocytes

Front 11

reside in tissue (do not circulate in blood). Ingest materials, digest it or present it to lymphocytes

Back 11

macrophages

Front 12

T & B cells, travel through the blood and react to foreign agents in the interstition

Back 12

Lymphocytes

Front 13

inflammatory mediators: __ proteins promoting clotting

Back 13

clotting system

Front 14

inflammatory mediators: __ proteins in chain reaction that cause:
vasodilation- blood to an areas
attract WBC’s
directly attack and destroy microbes

Back 14

complement

Front 15

inflammatory mediators: __ interacting proteins that cause:
Vasodilation- blood to the area (bring in things needed and take away bad stuff)
Increased endothelial permeability (increase permeability)

Back 15

kinin system

Front 16

These cells promote ___
Histamine
Cytokines
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Complement
they arise from __ and __ at site of injury. focused on __ intervention

Back 16

inflamation
mast cells and platelets
pharmacologic

Front 17

__ occurs, but it doesn’t mean there is and infection. But with an infection there is always __

Back 17

inflammation x's 2

Front 18

cell injury:
Abnormal case-destroys __ and things from the outside will leak into the cell and out, develop the __ system causes substance _ which causes pain to the area

Back 18

fatty acid tails
Kinin
P

Front 19

__ destroys fatty acid tails

Back 19

Lipid-peroxidation

Front 20

in the __ system Antibody creates its own pathway (channel) so everything want to rush into, cell will swell, possibly burst

Back 20

complement

Front 21

__ activation:
Damages membrane by breaking apart phospholipids.
2 examples: __ __
also causes too much ___

Back 21

phospholipase
1. B-toxins contain phospholipases.
2. Too much Ca++ in the cell
fluid to rush into the cell

Front 22

___ The deposit of Ca salts in an area of damaged tissue.
Classic examples: TB & atherosclerosis
Can occur in soft tissue—calcific tendonOSISwomen > men b/n 30-60 y/o. Shoulder is the primary site.
(Ca actually lays down into the shoulder joint) ultrasound canbreak up calcification

Back 22

dystrophic calcification

Front 23

__ (__) This type occurs w/hypercalcemia in tissues. (too much Ca)
Ca is facilitated by parathyroid hormone & vit D.
Hyperparathyroidism—results in increase accumulation of Ca in the pulmonary alveoli, renal tubules, thyroid glands, gastric mucosa, & arterial walls. Ex-renal stones.

Back 23

Metastatic calcification (spreading)

Front 24

to achieve complete restoration of function __ must occur

Back 24

regeneration

Front 25

When ___ is NOT possible, the body settles for nonfunctional, connective tissue repair (fibrosis or scar tissue). Now that tissue doesn’t move as well

Back 25

regeneration

Front 26

nonfunctional, connective tissue helps maintain __ but has none of the functional properties of the original cells & tissues

Back 26

structural integrity

Front 27

mechanisms of cell injury: __ Insufficient blood flow results in a critical reduction in oxygen delivery to the tissue that is partial (hypoxia) or total (anoxia-brain injury), a decreased delivery of nutrients, and decreased removal of waste products from the tissue. This leads to loss of aerobic metabolism.

Back 27

ischemia

Front 28

mechanisms of cell injury: ___ is usually the result of arterial lumen obstruction (DVT) & narrowing caused by atherosclerosis and/or a intravascular clot called a __ (not moving). When a __ moves it becomes an __ (moving).

Back 28

ischemia
THROMBUS x's 2
EMBOLUS

Front 29

mechanisms of cell injury: infections agents, too many lead to __

Back 29

sepsis

Front 30

mechanisms of cell injury:
Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasms, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, prions, & helminths are __

Back 30

infectious agents

Front 31

Mechanisms of cell injury: When microorganisms or their toxins are present in the blood, a condition called __ can occur. In __, endothelial cell damage, loss of plasma volume & maldistribution of blood flow results in __ (not enough blood in the blood vessels). CV collapse may lead to __.

Back 31

SEPSIS x's 2
hypovolemia
SEPTIC SHOCK

Front 32

Mechanisms of cell injury: When the immune system becomes overreactive, the result is hypersensitivities ranging from allergies to life threatening anaphylactic reactions or __ disorders (self attacks self).

Back 32

autoimmune

Front 33

Mechanisms of cell injury: ___ will cause cell injury through different methods such as: antibody attachment, complement activation, and activation of the inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages, T&B lymphocytes, mast cells & basophils)

Back 33

immune system

Front 34

Mechanisms of cell injury: genetic factors lead to cellular injury by 3 primary means:
1. alterations in the structure or number of __ that induce multiple abnormalities (Downs syndrome)
2. ___ that cause changes in the amount of functions of proteins (sickle cell anemia)
3. ___ that interact with environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders (HTN & DM)

Back 34

chromosomes
single mutations of genes
multiple gene mutations

Front 35

Mechanisms of cell injury: Imbalances in essential __ can lead to cell injury or cell death. ex Kwashiorkor and marasmus

Back 35

nutrients

Front 36

physical factors of injury:
__ __ __ __

Back 36

Motor Vehical Acidents
Temperature
Radiation
Electricity

Front 37

Physical stress theory proposes that changes in the relative level of physical stress cause a predictable __ in all biologic tissue

Back 37

adaptive response

Front 38

Mechanical factors: Typical tissue response to __ stress includes decreased stress tolerance (atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (hypertrophy), injury or death.

Back 38

physical

Front 39

Chemical factors: Toxic substances cause chemical injury. Two categories:
Those that can injure cells __ (heavy metals like Mercury)
Those that require __ into the toxic agent (Carbon tetrachloride & acetaminophen)

Back 39

directly
metabolic transformation

Front 40

__ an important part of metabolism and formed continuously in the body.
They exert __ effects (immune system) __ effects (lipid, protein, pr DNA oxidation)

Back 40

free radicals
positive
negative

Front 41

The presence of __ is an adaptive response to help the body ward off the potentially harmful effects of oxygen and its derivatives, including free radicals.

Back 41

antioxidants

Front 42

__ a variety of enzymatic & nonenzymatic defense mechanisms are present in cells and act as antioxidants (we make them)

Back 42

endogenous antioxidants

Front 43

__ taken through our diet. Vitamin C, E, and beta carotene are the 3 most important. There are over 200. (take them in) attack free radicals

Back 43

exogenous antioxidants

Front 44

complement activation occurs with which type of cell injury

Back 44

immune

Front 45

TB and atherosclerosis are examples of what type of calcification

Back 45

dystrophic calcification