Pathology Test 1 Lecture 4

Front 1

Body must inactivate & remove the ___ stimulus and begin process of healing.

Back 1

inflammatory

Front 2

The process of__ (__ -cell eating) of microorganisms, foreign substances, necrotic cells, & conn tissue by specialized cells (___) is important in achieving this goal.

Back 2

ingestion
phagocytosis
phagosome

Front 3

Phagocytosis: __ cells wall off invader, then __ come in to get rid of the invader

Back 3

Phagocytic
lysosomes

Front 4

__ Inflammation- time can be from months to years

Back 4

Chronic

Front 5

chronic inflammation:
Objective is to __ the persistent pathological agent (virus, bacteria, protozoa)
Cell types—monocyte/macrophages, fibrocyte, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells

Back 5

remove

Front 6

Anytime you see lymphocytes, the inflammation is __.

Back 6

chronic

Front 7

transudate/exudate
__ injury serous transudate (blister)

Back 7

mild

Front 8

transudate/exudate
__ injury fibrinous exudate (tries to form a clot)

Back 8

severe

Front 9

transudate/exudate
__pus, bacterial infection (PMN’s)

Back 9

suppurative

Front 10

transudate/exudate
__ pink or red tinge (RBC’s) (large amount of blood coming out)

Back 10

hemmorrhagic

Front 11

transudate/exudate
mucous, damaged tissue such as lung, nose, vagina (a lot of mucous)

Back 11

catarrhal

Front 12

Bugs present-> inflammation-> lymph area __ unless crushing of lymph vessels

Back 12

increases

Front 13

Anchoring filaments move by __ & this __ the lymph channel to allow the foreign invader to enter into the channel.

Back 13

chemotaxis
opens

Front 14

inflammation of lymph vessels

Back 14

lymphangitis

Front 15

lymph nodes become enlarged (hyperplasia of immune cells, Tender To Palpation)

Back 15

lymphadenitis

Front 16

where does fluid go from inflammation: Move toward the lymph channel the __ open up. Down from a lymph vessel there is a __where they come together. These areas are monitored by __ and __ cells

Back 16

anchoring filaments
lymph node
T and B

Front 17

sympathetic manifestation of inflammation
1
2
3

Back 17

fever
leukocytosis
leukopenia

Front 18

sympathetic manifestation of inflammation:
__caused by endogenous pyrogens released into circulation. Prostaglandins are released from macrophages and cause a shift to occur in neurons in relation to cold

Back 18

fever

Front 19

sympathetic manifestation of inflammation:
__increased # of WBC’s (monitore the counts in each of these kinds of cells)
1__ —occurs during bacterial infections or an MI
2__ —occurs with viral infections:
3__ —seen in allergies & parasitic infections

Back 19

Leukocytosis
Neutrophilia
Lymphocytosis
Eosinophilia

Front 20

sympathetic manifestation of inflammation:
__bad sign. The body is not able to make enough WBC’s.
Seen in overwhelming infection, malnourishment, chronic debilitation. May lead to __- a state of ill being or conditioning, on their way to death, wasting away

Back 20

leukopenia
CACHEXIA

Front 21

Types of collagen:
found in skin, bone, tendon & ligament. Characteristic—builds tensile force when stretched

Back 21

type 1

Front 22

Types of collagen:
found in cartilage. Characteristic—surface resists shear forces (not at resistant, deep resists compression

Back 22

type 2

Front 23

Types of collagen:
found in pliable tissues such as skin, blood vessels, utereus, GI tract

Back 23

type 3

Front 24

Types of collagen:
found in all epithelial cells except the liver. Characteristic—tensile strength to underlying structure--basement membrane

Back 24

type 4

Front 25

Types of collagen:
found in anchoring filaments of lymph vessels to open them up, aids in drainage.

Back 25

type 5

Front 26

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration:1___- __ clears away debris
Release of __ factors to help set up repair
Contraction of wound by ___ (fibroblasts that contract)

Back 26

skin-integument
Inflammation
growth
myofibroblasts

Front 27

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 1. skin-integument- __=type III collagen by day 4 & synthesis of type I collagen by day 7. (normally!) (Red tissue in the wound)
No __ or __ in area that is repaired.

Back 27

Granulation tissue
hair or sweat glands

Front 28

__ intention of healing: Surgical incision. Ends are approximated by suture. 3-4 days=granulation tissue. __ scar =1st month—collagen is vascularized. __ scar=type I collagen has decreased vascularization. healing is from the __ up, if this does not happen there is a creator which is ideal for __

Back 28

primary
red
white
bottom
infections

Front 29

__ intention of healing= __ forms over top of the injury. As healing takes place the __ moves up and gets smaller along with the __ or __

Back 29

scar
granulation tissue
scar or scab

Front 30

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 2. __: __ cells
Repair & regeneration depends on amount of __. Knock off a couple of cells, can still regenerate __

Back 30

liver
Stable
damage
hepatocytes

Front 31

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 3 __: __ cells—able to regenerate but not constantly dividing
__ example: viral pneumonia,kill off type I pneumocytes, basement membrane regenerates to type II then differentiates to type I
__ example: asbestosis, repair with cell loss & destruction

Back 31

lung
stable
Regeneration
Repair

Front 32

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 4.__: __ cells= damaged cells heal by repair only. Connective tissue __ makes cardiomyocytes hypoelastic & hypokinetic. Once an MI, then the tissue doesn’t function as well! More prone to secondary complications.

Back 32

heart
Permanent
scar

Front 33

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 5. __: __ cells—heals by repair but not a connective tissue scar, a __ scar. Sprouting from adjacent __ cells is possible. __ does not regenerate, certain cells in __ can regenerate.

Back 33

CNS-neurons
Permanent
glial
CNS
Brain
CNS

Front 34

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 6. __: __ cells—replaced by scar tissue repair.
No regeneration of __ but __ regrowth @ rate of 1mm/day or 1 inch/month. NOT regeneration but regrowth. __ debris is removed by macrophages mobilized from the surrounding tissues by Wallerian regeneration.

Back 34

PNS-neurons
Permanent
PNS
axon
Lipid

Front 35

tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 7.__: __ cells=adjacent satellite cells can move into area and regenerate __ BUT if cut/sliced, satellite cells don’t know where to go so __ only.

Back 35

skeletal muscle
Stable
skeletal muscle
repair

Front 36

Skeletal muscle specifics: __ with__ formation & inflammation in the 1st phase. (24-48 hours post injury)
__ phase follows w/phagocytosis, activation of satellite cells & myofiber regeneration. (6-8 weeks post injury)
__ phase involves tissue remodeling.

Back 36

Hemostasis w/ hematoma
Proliferation
Maturation

Front 37

tissue remodeling/repair: 8. __: __ cells=in the process of repair, leads to regeneration because tissue is connective tissue. Takes greater than __ for return to full tensile strength

Back 37

tendon/ ligaments
Stable
1 year

Front 38

Tendon: Hemostasis begins as __ enter the tear & initiate clot formation. This happens immediately followed by __ phase. (starts in 1st 72 hours after injury)
__and __ start cross linking to reduce bleeding. (tendons run in a certain direction but the cross linking runs in multiple directions which limits their range of motion, we need to break them so they lay down in their normal directions)
__ phase occurs 2-3 weeks post injury. Fibroblasts spouting out collagen type III.

Back 38

platelets
inflammatory
Fibrin & fibronectin
Proliferative

Front 39

tendon:
__ phase begins around week 3 after initial injury. Type__ is replaced by type __. The collagen is oriented along the lines of stress & organized to resist stretch & tearing.
12-16 weeks to reach a level that tendon can be __. So.. maximum muscle tension should be avoided for @ least __ weeks post tendon repair.

Back 39

Maturation
3
1
stressed
8

Front 40

ligaments: Intrarticular vs extrarticular ligaments. (_ inside vs _ outside)

Back 40

ACL MCL

Front 41

__ degree sprain –mild pain w/in 24 hours. Mild swelling, TTP, & pain when stretched.

Back 41

1st

Front 42

__ degree sprain–moderate pain. Stress & palpation greatly increase the pain. When torn, hypermobility.

Back 42

2nd

Front 43

__ degree —avulsion (ligament torn off of bone) of tissue w/severe pain. Stress to tissue is usually painless, palpation reveals defect. Torn ligament =‘s instability of joint!!

Back 43

3rd

Front 44

tissue repair/regeneration: 9.__: A__,__, and__
After adolescence, __only. If younger, then __.
Located @ joint surfaces, bone apophyses, epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage, fetal skeleton.

Back 44

articular cartilage
avascular, aneural, & alympathic.
repair
regeneration

Front 45

tissue repair/regeneration: 10.__: __ cells. Cortical & cancellous bone.
fracture bone—easily __. Bone is approximated by pinning, screws & plating.
Period of immobilization=4-8 weeks.
Exercise: Weight bearing 4-8 weeks
Stretching or heavy resistance exercise

Back 45

bone
Stable
regenerates

Front 46

fx healing: 1. __ phase= hematoma formation
2. __ phase= formation of a soft callus around 2 weeks post injury. Growth factors involved in repair.
__=soft to hard callus leading to fracture stability (6-12 weeks)
3. __ phase=union persists until bone is returned to normal (may take __to__).

Back 46

Inflammatory
Reparative
Endochondral ossification
Remodeling
months - years

Front 47

bone fx: __ forms between fractured bone ends (will serve as a fibrin network).
__ occurs at the bone ends because of torn blood vessels.
__ follows

Back 47

Hematoma
Necrosis
inflammation

Front 48

bone fx: Hematoma serves as basis for fibrin network for granulation tissue.
Granulation tissue contains:
__ vessels
__ cells
__ lay down new collagen
Susceptible to fx again because has no __ material.
This is a __ (no bone) so is not able to withstand weight bearing

Back 48

blood
Phagocytic
Fibroblasts
bony
soft callus

Front 49

Bone fx: __ start to lay down cartilage
Forms a fibrocartilagenous callus [__]
Still NOT strong enough to bear weight
__-form new bone & replaces the cartilage callus
Forms bony (hard) callus

Back 49

Chondroblasts
collar
Osteoblasts

Front 50

bone fx: Bony callus is remodeled by both __ (eating up) and __ (laying down) over following months.
More compact bone is laid down and excess bone in callus is removed.
Remodeling occurs according to amount of __ places on the bone

Back 50

osteoclasts
osteoblasts
stress