Parasitology Exam #2

Front 1

Protozoan are _____ cell
-Euks or Proks?
-Motility?

Back 1

-single cell
-eukaryotic
-cilia, flagella, amoeboid, gliding

Front 2

Entamoeba histolytica
-route of transmission
-number of nuclei in mature cysts
-position of karysome
-Symptoms (Intestinal & Extrainstestinal)
-Treatment

Back 2

-four nuclei
-fecal-oral route (cysts ingested)
-central karysome - peripheral chromatin in nucleus
- Intestinal: dysentery and non-dys. colitis
Non-intestinal: hepatic (acute dysentery and abscess) and pulmonary
-flagyl, iodoquinole, furamide (asymptomatic)
emetine HCL(acute)
flagyl, tinidazole (abscess)

Front 3

How does E. dispar differ from E. histolytica?

Back 3

morphologically identical
- needs ELISA or PCR, DNA probes
- Non-pathogenic

Front 4

How does E. hartmanni differ from E. histolytica?

Back 4

Differentiated by size only

Front 5

How does E. coli differ from E. histolytica?

Back 5

-Non-pathogenic
-Off-center karysome
-more prominent glyocen granules
-cysts have 8 nuclei

Front 6

How does E. polecki differ from E. histolytica?

Back 6

-Animal parasite (Pigs and monkeys)
-Single nuclei
-vacuole in trophs
-large karysomes

Front 7

Iodamoeba butschlii is a pathogenic/nonpathogenic protozoa with a prominent _______ ________

Back 7

-non-pathogenic
-glycogen vacuole

Front 8

Endolimax nana has small ______, no distinct peripheral _______, and is pathogenic/nonpatho.

Back 8

-trophs
-no distinct chromatin
-non-pathogenic

Front 9

Which two protozoans are associated with pyorrheal pockets?

Back 9

Entamoeba gingivalis & Trichonomas tenax

Front 10

Protozoan parasite associated with daycare centers, group homes, camping and unfiltered H2O

Back 10

Giardia Lambia

Front 11

Giardia
-distinctive morphology
-evasion strategy
-symptoms
-treatment

Back 11

-ventral sucking disc attaching to duedenal wall, binucleated troph with 4 pairs of flagella
-antigenic variation of troph protein coat
-diarrhea NOT dysentery
-Flagyl

Front 12

Trichomonas vaginalis
-transmission
-male v female infection
-treatment

Back 12

-transmission of TROPHS (NO cysts) during intercouse
-males: asymptomatic (occasional prostate infection)
females: discharge and lesions
-Flagyl

Front 13

How does Trichomonas hominis differ from T. vaginalis?

Back 13

-non pathogenic and lives in large intestine

Front 14

Does T. vaginalis have cysts?

Back 14

Hellllls no

Front 15

Chilomastic mesnii has _____ found in stool, is patho/nonpathogenic, and has __#____ of flagella

Back 15

-cysts
-nonpathogenic
-3 flagella

Front 16

Dientamoeba fragilis:
-cysts or no cysts?
-Classified as _______
-Where does it live? Tissue invasive?
-Postulated transmission?
-Symptoms?
-Treatment?

Back 16

-No cysts
-trichomonad
- Crypts of Large Intestine, non invasive
-via helminth eggs (ascaris and enterobius) or fecal-oral
- diarrhea, ab pain, blood & mucous in stool
-iodoquinol, paromycin, tertracycline

Front 17

Balantidium coli
-Reservoir host?
-tissue invasive?
-symptoms?
-treatment

Back 17

-pigs
-No
-dysentery (can spread to liver and lungs)
-Terramycin

Front 18

3 genomes present in all apicomplexa

Back 18

Mitochondrial, apicoplast, nuclear genomes (chromosomes)

Front 19

Apicoplasts are phylogenetically related to....they are also involved in _________ ____ synthesis

Back 19

chloroplasts

fatty acid synthesis

Front 20

Types of diarrhea caused by coccidia

Back 20

-enterocyte damage (alterd epithelium - absorption and secretion, alveoli atrophy/blunting)
-inflammation
-secretory (toxin, antibody (IgA))

Front 21

What is unique about the lifecycle of coccidia?

Back 21

-Sexual and asexual stages

Front 22

Isospora belli
- type of protozoan
-Life cycle
-symptoms
-treatment

Back 22

-apicomplexa sporozoa (coccidia)
-coccidia (sexual and asexual)
-dysentery, diarrhea, weight loss, eosinophilia, fat malabsoprtion
-TMP and SMX

Front 23

Cryptosporidium
-type of protozoan
-immediate infectivity??
-transmission?
- type / unique life cycle?
- unique genome?
-

Back 23

- apicomplexa sporozoa (coccidia)
-YES immediate infective
-fecal oral transmission
-coccidia (asexual, sexual and AUTOINFECTION)
-missing apicoplast and mitochondria

Front 24

Cyclospora cayetenesis
-type of protozoan?
-life cycle
-immediate infectivity?
-how are people infected?
-treatment?

Back 24

-apicomplexa sporozoa (coccidia)
-coccidia (asexual & sexual)
-NO immediate infectivity
-infected by ingesting contaminated produce (contam. by water)
-no good method for recovery

Front 25

Cerebral malaria is caused by:

Cerebral malaria in children may be accompanied by _______.

Back 25

the sticking of RBC to the capillary walls

-complex seizures

Front 26

Maternal malaria is caused by:

Back 26

the sticking of infected RBCs to the placenta

Front 27

Where do Anopheles mosquitoes lay their eggs?
How many larval stages exist?
What is the non-feeding surface breathing development stage?

Back 27

- Water surface
- 4 larval stages
- pupa stage

Front 28

What time of day to Anopheles vectors most of bite?

Back 28

Dusk until sunrise

Front 29

Relapsing or periodic fever/chills associated with malaria are called ________

Back 29

paroxysm

Front 30

P. vivax
-Fever cycle
-Relapse?
-Gametocyte shape?
-Number of merozoites in schizont?
-Liver stage characteristics?

Back 30

-48 hours - benign tertian
-Yes
-Round
-12-24
-Hypnozoite (latency)

Front 31

P. falciparum
-Fever cycle
-Relapse?
-Gametocyte shape?
-Number of merozoites in schizont?
-All stages in peripheral blood?

Back 31

-48 hours (Malignant tertian)
-No
-Oblong
-24-36
-No

Front 32

Malaria Life cycle

Back 32

Liver (sporozoites-shizont-merozoites), RBC (merozoites, trophozoites, shizonts, merozoites....trophs-gametocytes)

Mosquito: (gameotocytes, ookinete, oocyst, sporozoites)

Front 33

P. malariae
-Number of merozoites in schizont?
-gametocyte shape?
-trophozoite characteristic?

Back 33

-6-12
-round but smaller than vivax
-bands

Front 34

P. ovale
Number of merozoites?
-gametocyte shape?
-Erythrocyte characteristic upon infection?

Back 34

-4-16
-oval but smaller than vivax
-enlarged

Front 35

Malaria parasites establish new compartments in erythrocyte's _____ for ____ secretion

Back 35

cytoplasm
protein secretion

Front 36

Malaria protein that adheres to vascular epithelium

Back 36

PfEMP-1 and knob structure

Front 37

When infected RBCs begin to adhere to each other, this is known as_____

Back 37

rosetting

Front 38

Interval of time from infection until malaria parasites become detectable in the blood

Back 38

Prepatent period

Front 39

In the malaria rapid diagnostic test, what two antigens are detected?

Back 39

histodine (HRPR2--only expressed by P. falciparum) and aldolase

Front 40

Renewed manifestation of malaria infection due to the survival of erythrocytic forms, commonly from treatment failures of multi-drug resistant parasite

Back 40

Recrudescence

Front 41

Clinical Antimalarial Drugs can be used for:

Back 41

-treatment
-radical cure - hynozoites
-prophylaxis
-intermittent presumptive treatment (infants and pregnant)

Front 42

Antimalarial drug that is trapped in parasite food vacuoles and inhibits polymerization of hemazoin and free heme kills parasite

Back 42

Chloroquine

Front 43

Antimalarial drug that is a blood schizonticide and not effective against hypnozoites or gametocytes

Back 43

Mefloquine

Front 44

Latent malaria parasites within liver cells

Back 44

hypnozoites

Front 45

Treatment for severe malaria (not cerebral)

Back 45

-antimalarial drug
-blood glucose
-IV for shock
-oxygen by nasal catheter
-replace RBCs

Front 46

Treatment for cerebral malaria
-Old?
-New?

Back 46

-Quinine, Quinidine
-Artemesinin derivates

Front 47

How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?

Back 47

-foodbone (undercooked meat)
-zoonotic transmission (cat feces)
-congenital
-transplant/transfusion

Front 48

Toxoplasma gondii within the feces as is an unsporulated __1___ within the feces. Once ingested the __1___ transforms into a __2__, which in encysts in the muscle. Once encysted __2__ transforms to cyst __3___, which enter the cat when it ingests the cyst carrying animal.

Back 48

1. oocyst
2. tachyzoites
3. bradyzoites

Front 49

Toxoplasma tachyzoites circulate through the body within _____

Back 49

macrophages

Front 50

-Clinical syndromes of toxoplasmosis
-Diagnosis by:
-Treatment

Back 50

-acute
-congenital (hydrocephalus possible)
-ocular
-cerebral (AIDS)

-serology (IFA or ELISA)
-sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine OR clindamycin + pyrimethamine

Front 51

The _____ gene is upregulated by 3 strains of toxoplasmosis, which is linked to schizophrenia

Back 51

VIPR2 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor)

Front 52

Life cycle of Naegleria consists of three stages
-Where is Naegleria found?
-Which form of N. fowleri is found in the cerebral spinal fluid
-Treatment?

Back 52

Ameboid trophozoites, cyst, and flaggelated form
-Warm, fresh water, soil, pools power plants
-Trophs
-Amphotericin B & miconazole

Front 53

Where are naegleria trophozoites found in human body?
Are naegleria cysts found in the brain?

Back 53

-cerebral spinal fluid and tissue
-no cysts in brain

Front 54

Naegleri fowleri:
-Clinical syndrome
-Diagnose?
-Treatment

Back 54

-meningoencephalitis
-trophs in CSF
-amphotericin B and miconazole

Front 55

Acantanthamoeba
-Where is it found?
-Where is it found in humans?
-Clinical Conditions?
-Transmission?
-Treatment

Back 55

-found in soil, fresh and salt water
-cysts and trophs in brain
-pneumonitis, encephalitis, lesions, keratitis
-cornea scratch, nose, or cut
-propamide for keratitis, no effective treatment in others

Front 56

Free living amoebae disease similar to Acanthamoeba that can be transferred via organ transplant

Back 56

Balamuthia madrillaris

Front 57

Dense body containing DNA in mitochondrion of hemoflaggelates
-cirlcular and minicircle DNA

Back 57

kinetoplastids

Front 58

Location of kinetoplast:
1. trypomastigote
2. epimastigote
3. promastigote
4. amastigote

Back 58

1. posterior
2. middle
3. anterior
4. middle (round)

Front 59

Trypanosomiasis
-Vector
-Evasion strategy
-Symptoms
-Diagnosis
-Treatment

Back 59

-Tsetse fly
- antigenic variation via VSG
- sleeping sickness, neuro, chancres, hemorrhage
-ELISA, IFA, CATT, lumbar puncture
-1st infection: pentamidinine for Tbg, suramin for Tbr
2nd infection: Melarsoprol for both, Eflonithine for Tbg

Front 60

Trypanosomes life cycle

Back 60

Fly takes blood meal (trypomastigotes - procyclic trypo-metacyclic) ---- human (metacyclic trypo - trypo, which multiply via b.fission in blood, lymph, spinal cord)

Front 61

Dangers of using melarsoprol for treating trypanosomiasis

Back 61

-derived from arsenic
-can cause encephalopathy

Front 62

Chagas' disease
-Parasite
-Vector
-Clinical symptoms
- Which life cycle stage infects?
-Treatment
-Reservoir
-Where does vector breed?

Back 62

-T. cruzi
-Reduuvid, kissing, triatome bug
- Romanas sign, megacolon, myocarditis
- intracellular amastigotes within skeletal and cardiac muscle
-Benznidadole or Nifortinox
-Rodents
-Poorly built houses, roofs, mud huts, cracks

Front 63

In Chaga's, the T. cruzi is in ____ form in the blood of humans, and in ______ form within the muscle cell. Within the mid gut of the Reduuvid, it is in _____ form, and within the hind gut it is ______, before being released.

Back 63

-trypomastigote
-amastigote
-epimastigote
-trypomastigote

Front 64

Leishmania parasite is injected to the human in ___1__ form and is uptaken by __2____. The _1__ transform into __3___ and are taken up by the ___vector____. Within the vector, the _____3___ transform into __1__ in what ___body part___

Back 64

1. promastigote
2. macrophages
3. amastigote (intracellular!)
4. sand fly
5. midgut

Front 65

How does is the infectivity of the promastigote amplified in leishmaniasis?

Back 65

Saliva

Front 66

Visceral Leishmania
-Symptoms
-How quickly do the symptoms show?
-How is diagnosis confirmed?
-Treatment

Back 66

-Enlarged spleen and liver, fever, weight loss, anemia, leukopenia, thombocytopenia
-Incubation is 3-8 mo
-Biopsy of bone marrow, lymph, spleen, liver
-Liposomal amphotericin B (choice), pentestam, miltefosine

Front 67

Cutaenous Leishmaniasis
-Symptoms
-How quickly do symptoms develop?
-Treatment?

Back 67

-sores, papules, or nodules on skin
-within a few weeks
- can heal on own, or Antimony (pentastam), Cryotherapy, Heat, fluconazole

Front 68

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
-confined to which areas of the world?
-what is it?
-treatment?

Back 68

-Central and South America
-cutaneous lesion spreading to mouth or nose
-pentastam/antimonials, fluconazole

Front 69

Human bot fly that causes swelling and itching --- must be manual removed

Back 69

Dermatoba homoinis

Front 70

Vector for typhus, dog tapeworm, and bubonic plague

Back 70

Fleas

Front 71

Infestation of skin by furrowing Chigue flea

Back 71

Tungiasis

Front 72

Chewing lice that feed on skin oils
-Have laterally opposed mandibles

Back 72

Mallophage

Front 73

Lice that suck blood from capillary of skin with their long thin piercying style mouth parts

Back 73

Anoplura

Front 74

Red brown, oval and flat shaped bug that can be detected by looking for blood spots (fecals stains), exoskeleteon skin, and sweet and musty odor

Back 74

Bed bugs

Front 75

-Bacterial spirochate Borrelia burgdorferi
-bullseye rash
-Reservoir?

Back 75

-Lyme's disease
-mouse and deer

Front 76

-tick disease infecting white blood cells that results in a fever, headache, fatigue, muscle ache
- NO RASH

Back 76

-Ehrlichioisis

Front 77

Type of tick
1. lyme's disease, ehrliciosis, anaplasmosis, tick paralysis
2. STARI, tick paralysis, tularemia
3. RMSF, tick paralysis, tularemia

Back 77

1. Ixodes scapularis
2. Amblyomma americanum
3. Dermacantor variabilis

Front 78

Apicomplexa disease with Ixodes tick and rodent hosts
-similar lifecycle to malaria
-can be transmitted via transfusion

Back 78

Babesiosis

Front 79

-Insect whose bite results in skin necrosis, rash, fever, malaise, joint pain
-painless bite takes 6-12 hours to develop

Back 79

Brown Recluse spider