One important allele is the S beta chain responsible for sickle cell anemia, it differs in one amino acid from a normal beta-chain. At the beta gene locus, two possible alleles have two base sequences A = normal beta-chain and S = sickle-cell beta chain. Sickle cell anemia is due to abnormality of hemoglobin, a (protein carrying oxygen to the tissues). “Anemia is a decrease in RBCs; or hemoglobin; or ability to carry oxygen. Hemoglobin S (allele HbS) causes Sickle Cell Anemia, without hemoglobin S, one amino acid (a.a) change in beta chain get the 6th amino acid valine (neutral) instead of glutamic acid (negative).” [10] The differences within the molecular charge of the molecule produces different shaped hemoglobin beta-chains. Under conditions of hypoxia (low oxygen) and or high acidity, B6 valine bonds to other amino acid on Hb molecules to form polymers Hb, cause a
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falciparum, which causes cycles of pain, fever and chills. The parasite devotes the main phase of its life cycle in the salivary glands of the female mosquito “Anopheles Gambiae.” Malaria has complex life cycle but involves two host, a vertebrate host (Humans); and an invertebrate host (mosquito). Sporozoites of parasite transmitted by bite of female Anopheles mosquito (that has bitten someone with malaria at a particular stage). [5] When this occurs it migrates to the human liver where they undergo one or more cycle of sexual reproduction, that generally takes a few weeks. This then invade the RBCs and reproduce inside RBC, RBCs then ruptures freeing cells to infect more RBCs, during this time symptoms of malaria occur: chills, fever, sweating, due to the splitting and release of toxins. There are five stages of Plasmodium that infects humans, Plasmodium falciparum being the most serious, the cells with parasites develop knobs on surface, then becomes sticky and stick to
falciparum, which causes cycles of pain, fever and chills. The parasite devotes the main phase of its life cycle in the salivary glands of the female mosquito “Anopheles Gambiae.” Malaria has complex life cycle but involves two host, a vertebrate host (Humans); and an invertebrate host (mosquito). Sporozoites of parasite transmitted by bite of female Anopheles mosquito (that has bitten someone with malaria at a particular stage). [5] When this occurs it migrates to the human liver where they undergo one or more cycle of sexual reproduction, that generally takes a few weeks. This then invade the RBCs and reproduce inside RBC, RBCs then ruptures freeing cells to infect more RBCs, during this time symptoms of malaria occur: chills, fever, sweating, due to the splitting and release of toxins. There are five stages of Plasmodium that infects humans, Plasmodium falciparum being the most serious, the cells with parasites develop knobs on surface, then becomes sticky and stick to