Parasitology Exam 2

Front 1

what is the phylum that Cestodes are in

Back 1

Platyhelminthes

Front 2

Name 4 basic facts about the class cestoda

Back 2

Adults parasitize small intestines of vertebrates
larva parasitize invertebrates or vertebrates
Both sexes are in the same individual tape
some require several hosts to complete lifecycle

Front 3

what is the chain of a cestode called?
What is the reproductive unit called?

Back 3

chain is strobila
unit is segements or proglottids

Front 4

What is another term for the head of a cestode? what is the dome projection located on the head called?

Back 4

a scolex(head)
The rostellum(on the head)

Front 5

what is located on the scolex?

Back 5

four cups/suckers for attachement and locomotion

Front 6

What is the first larva stage called and what does it consist of?

Back 6

It is called a cysticercus. It consists of a head, neck and bladder

Front 7

Cysticercus

Back 7

A head(scolex)and a bladder (secretion recepticle)

Front 8

Strobilocercus

Back 8

a cysticercus that has already begun to elongate and segment while in the intermediate host

Front 9

Coenurus

Back 9

cosits of a single bladder containing many scolices each having the potential of developng into a mature tapeworm

Front 10

Hydatid

Back 10

a cyst with manay scolices which is either uniocular or multiocular

Front 11

what is a Hydatid cyst and what parasite is it linked to?

Back 11

E.granulosus. It is a single chambered uniocular cyst with a thick laminated outer layer surrounded by a host-derived fibrous tissue capsule

Front 12

What is an Alveolar cyst and what parasite is it linked to?

Back 12

E.multiocularis. multiocular cyst composed of multiple thin walled vesicles not surounded by a capsule. Since it is uncapsulated, it is free ro prgressivly expand into surrounding host tissues through its growth. resembles a highlt invasive and proliferative malignant neoplasm

Front 13

how does the larval stage develop in the definative host and which segmanet is the pregnant segment?

Back 13

when the larva develop in the definitive host, the bladder gets digested away and the scolex begins to bud segments
each segment is more mature then the one before it
The most mature segment is know as the gravid proglottid (pregnant) and it is this segment that is filled with eggs

Front 14

the entire cestode parasite is serviced by one common what? (morphologically)

Back 14

Osmoregulatory system
Nervous system Muscoskeletal system- moving in a cocoordinated effort with common muscle fibers found in each segment
Digestive system- there are no digestive organs, instead nutrients are absorbed through the skin of the parasite

Front 15

Definitive hsot of Taenia pisiformis?

Back 15

Dogs and other canids

Front 16

Intermediate host for Taenia pisiformis

Back 16

rabbits and rodents

Front 17

waht is the feline version of taenia pisiformis

Back 17

taenia taeniaformis

Front 18

how big can t.pisiformis adults be?

Back 18

200+ cm in length

Front 19

What are the segments and scolex like on t.pisiformis worm

Back 19

segments are reclamgular in shape with branched uterus filled with eggs and one genital pore
segments have a sluggish movement
scolex has 4 suckers and a nonretractible rostellum with many rows of large hooks

Front 20

Taenia ova

Back 20

Eggs are individually found, starburst in appearence, small and round in sixe with developing haxacanth embryo and thick shell (can be surrounded by a yolk cell)

Front 21

taenia life cycle

Back 21

a rabbit ingests the eggs
the egg hatches in the small intestine and the larval tape burrows through the intestinal wall and travels to the liver
the cysicercus develops in the liver in 2-4 weeks
When the dog eats the rabbit and ingests the cysticercus the scolex attaches to the small intestinal wall and the worm begins to bud prglottids
Gravid prglottids, containing eggs, detach from the end of the worm and pass out in the feces

Front 22

definitive and intermediate host for Diplylidium caninum

Back 22

D.host- dog, cat humans, fox
I.host- fles and lice

Front 23

how big can a d.canininum adult be?

Back 23

up to 50 cm long

Front 24

what are the scolex and segments like in a d.caninum adult

Back 24

segments are cucumber seed shaped and oval with characteristically tapered ends
2 genital pores exist on either side of the segments and segments are activly motile
Scolex has 4 suckers and a retractible rostellum armed with several circles of thorn-like hooks

Front 25

D.caninum ova

Back 25

egg capsule which is very large in size and can contain 5-30 eggs inside

Front 26

D.caninum life cycle

Back 26

Very similar to taenia except the flea in the intermediate host and the dogs ingests the flea while biting at himself to scratch
D.caninum segments can be seen in the stool in about 3-4 weeks
It is critical to treat the animal for fleas while treating for this tape or it will return

Front 27

Generic name
Praziquantel
What does it treat?

Back 27

Trade name
Droncit
All tapes

Front 28

Generic name
Praziquantel/Febantel
what does it treat?

Back 28

Trade name
Drontal
All tapes

Front 29

Generic name
Praziquantel/febantel/pyrantel pamoate

Back 29

Trade name
drontal plus
All tapes

Front 30

Generic name
Epsirantel
What does it treat?

Back 30

Trade name
Cestex
All tapes

Front 31

Generic name
Fenbendazole
What does it treat?

Back 31

Trade name
Panacur
Taenia only

Front 32

Generic name
Niclosamide
what is it used for?

Back 32

Trade name
Yomesan
Used to treat human tapes

Front 33

Tape worm prevention

Back 33

Find out the source of the problem
Prevent pets from ingesting the intermediate host
Treat for fleas

Front 34

Echinococcus granulosus
size, # of segments, physical appearence

Back 34

2-6 mm long
3-5 segments
gravid segment contains 5000 eggs
gravid segment is 1/2 body length
4 suckers
nonretractable rostelum w/2 rows of 32 hooks

Front 35

E.granulosus
definitive host
intermediate host

Back 35

D.host- Dogs(wolves and coyotes)
I.host- Sheep (horse pigs mooses and other wild ungulates)

Front 36

Ecchinococcus multilocularis
Size, # of segments and general physical appearence

Back 36

1.2-3.7 mm long
3-5 segments
gravid segment contains 500 eggs
gravid segment is 1/2 body length
genital pore(anterior to midline)
4 suckers
nonretractable rostellum w/ 2 rows of 28 hooks

Front 37

E.multilocularis
definitive host
Intermediate host

Back 37

D.host- Fox and coyote (cats dogs pigs)
I.host- Rodents (people)

Front 38

waht is the zoonotic status of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis

Back 38

E.granulosus is a zoonotic parasite
E.multiocularis is an extremly zoonotic parasite

Front 39

What is the metacestode stage of E.granulosus?

Back 39

it is a hydatid cyst. It contains thousands of tiny protiscolices. these cysts often mesure severl centimeters
they are single chambered, unilocular, hydatid cysts
think laminated outer layer surrounded by a host derived fibrous tissue capsule

Front 40

what is the metacestode stage of E.multilocularis?

Back 40

contains thousands of tiny protoscolices. these cysts often mesure several cm.
multichamered, multilocular hydatid cyst
composed of multiple thin walled vesicles not surrounded by a capsule
therefore, uncapsulated. it is free to progressivly expand into surrounding host tissue through growth
resembles a highly invasive and prliferative malignant neoplasm

Front 41

What is the life cycle like of E.granulosus and E.multilocularis

Back 41

Adults live in the small intestine and produce eggs
The intermediate host ingests ova which hatch and migrate to the lungs then liver and form a cyst, 5+ months
the DH ingests the IMH. This will then free the cysts in the IMH and realease thousand of scolices into the DH body.
They will pass through the stomach into the small intestine where the scolices will attach and grow into adults.
They will begin to produce eggs about 28-49 days later and they will be passed into the feces and the cycle starts over

Front 42

Ova of echinococcus

Back 42

Both E.multilocularis and E.granulosus are very hard to tell from each other and the taenis egg.
Ova are immediatly infectiv when they are passed into the enviroment
they can remain infective in the enviroment for several months

Front 43

How does echinococcus affect the definitive and Intermediate hosts?

Back 43

For both echinococcus species the definitive hst does not uaually get sick from the parasite.
Intermediate hosts that have a short life span will also not get sick from the cyst stage of the parasite because it takes a long time for it to develop
Intermediate hosts with a long life span can become very sick from this parasite

Front 44

Hos can one diagnosis Echinococcus through a fecal test?

Back 44

the proglottids are too small to see in a fecal
The eggs are too similar to Taenia to make a thourough diagnosis
therefore, Echionococcus should be suspected in dogs or cats if they have taenia like eggs but there are NO visible segments in the fecal

Front 45

what tests other than a fecal are availible to diagnose echinococcus?

Back 45

There is an ELISA test availible
there is another technique but it is very dangerous.
One can make and animal purge using Arecoline hydrobromine, and filter the contents to examine for any parasites. Because this parasite is so zoonotic, it is very dangerous to use this technique

Front 46

What are the most common drugs used to treat echinococcus?

Back 46

Praziquantel which is found in Droncit, drontal and rontal plus.

Front 47

What is AHD and how does it affect humans?

Back 47

AHD is caused by a tumor like or cyst like tapeworm larvae growing in the body. AHD usually involves the liver, but can spread to other organs of the body. Because the cysts are slow-growing, infection with AHD may not produce any symptoms for many years.

Front 48

what are the symptoms of AHD in humans?

Back 48

Pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal region, weakness and weight loss may occur as a result of the growing cysts. Symptoms may mimic those of liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver

Front 49

What is the treatment for AHD in humans?

Back 49

Surgery is the most common form of treatment for AHD in humans although removal of the parasite mass is not always 100% effective. After the surgery, chemotheraputic medication may be necessary to keep the cyst from growing back

Front 50

AHD in people

Back 50

In people cysts do not contain scolices and are condidered sterile
Symptoms can occur from 10-15 years after the oringonal infection
w/out surgery there is a 94% mortality rate
W surgery there is a 10-14 % mortality rate

Front 51

Facsciola hepatica

Back 51

sheep liver fluke

Front 52

basick body type and shape of fasciola hepatica

Back 52

1-5 cm by 8-13 cm
body is flat and oval shape with a cephalic cone containing the oral sucker

Front 53

Fasciola hepatica
Definitive host and intermediate host

Back 53

D host-sheep, cattle, people
I host-snails

Front 54

Name the life stages of fasciola hepatica

Back 54

Egg
Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria
Metcercaria
Marita
Adult

Front 55

Basic info about miracidium life cycle

Back 55

ciliated larva inside egg
miracidium pushes out and swims for a suitable host
dies in 24 hours if it doesn't find one
bores into snail and looses ciliates covering
forma a sporocyst in the gonad or digestive gland

Front 56

Basic info about sporocyst stage

Back 56

contains germinal cells
each cell become a germinal ball
each germinal ball develops into a redia

Front 57

Bacis info about redia stage

Back 57

Grow until wall burts and then go into the tissue of snail
each germinal ball of 2nf generaton redia develops into a 3rd type of larva, the cercaria

Front 58

Basic info about the cercaria stage

Back 58

tadpole like larva that swim
has certain adult organs
leaves the redia through birth pore
goes out of snails tissues into water
lands on aquatic plant
encysts on plant, looses tail becomes a metacercaria

Front 59

basic info about the metacercaria stage

Back 59

this is the INFECTIVE stage
when ingested the metacercarial cyst is digested in the host ofs small intestine and becomes a marita

Front 60

basic info about marita and adult stage

Back 60

young flukes penetrate the wall of intestine
go into the liver
enter bile ducts
mature into adult fluke

Front 61

What is acute fascioloasis?

Back 61

common in sheep and cattle not humans
occurs when a large number(10,000) metacercaria are ingested at once
causes death with that many in the liver
liver capsule may rupture
if fewer are ingested(more common) then a fever and eosinophilia are seen

Front 62

What is chronic fascioliasis?

Back 62

common in all host even in humans
this is rarely fatal but of economic importance
In man can cause fever, mild jaundice, anemia and pain under right ribs
Becuase these flukes are not used to having man as a host, they may get lost and end up in the lungs where they become encysted

Front 63

What is Black disease?

Back 63

It is very fatal
it is a secondary infection due to bacterium Chlostridium oedematiens proliferating in necrotic lesion produced by the young larvae migrating in the liver
the marita cause tracts which become infected with chlostridium bacteria

Front 64

how is Fasciola diagnosed?

Back 64

Diagnosed through prsence of eggs in feces. Ova are very heavy
ELISA testing may be used for humans

Front 65

How is fasciola treated?

Back 65

Drug therapy
Albendazole; valbazen
Clurslon; curatrem
Praziquantel(off label)

Front 66

sheep liver fluke

Back 66

fasciola hepatica

Front 67

chinese liver fluke

Back 67

clonorchis sinensis

Front 68

lancet liver fluke

Back 68

cicrocoeliun dendriticum

Front 69

human lung fluke

Back 69

paragonimus westermani

Front 70

salmon fever fluke

Back 70

nanophyetus salmincola

Front 71

blood flukes

Back 71

schistosoma mansoni

Front 72

farm animnal coccidia

Back 72

emeria

Front 73

bile duct gall bladder fluke of cats

Back 73

platynosomum fastosum