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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 classes of cones in tetrachromatic vision nm range |
Red, green, blue sensitive plus VS pigment or UVS pigment 400 to 700 |
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VS pigment nm |
Violet 390 to 400 |
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UVS pigment nm |
360 nm Ultraviolet |
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We CNA see what nm VS birds |
400 to 700 Vs 350 to 700 |
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2 classes of avian vision |
VS or UVS 390 TO 700 350 TO 700 |
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Peak at 360 means... |
Uv light |
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Those with UVS system are more sensitive to Ultraviolet than.. |
VS though they can still detect it sonehway |
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Raptor colour vision |
VS |
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UVS vision bird examples |
Psittaciformes (parrots) Passeriformes (not all) Laridae (gulls) Strunthionidae (ostriches) |
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What was the issue with the discovery of the use of the uv light spectrum in science and evolutionary theory |
Many observations were based on the colors humans see, but we need to look from the birds perspective to get an accurate picture 1980s forward Colouration played an important part in theories of speciation and sex selection/behaviour which had to be reevaluated back to 1839 |
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Monochromatic |
Same color |
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There are examples of dichromatism in birds now that... |
Went undetected previously |
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More than 90% of 139 species classified as monochromatic wrre actually... |
Sexually dichromatic from an avian perspective Made many studies of bird plumage erroneous and changed many dtudies |
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Uv detection used in foraging |
Cues of prey density such as vole scent marks seen by Eurasian kestrels Vole urine reflect uv conponent |
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When birds are sitting high above they are not looking for individuals but.... |
Traffic patterns Suggests high density if lots of uv urine around Informs hunting patterns |
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Owls did not respond to the vole urine because |
It is a nocturnal predator. Diurnal raptors detect it because they reflect uv in the day |
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Spectrophotometer |
See uv light |
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Peak in uv spectrim |
360 nm |
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Implications of uv vision for predator prey interaction |
Prey can avoid detection using cryptic signals and reduce signalling cost Use different spectra than the predator or prey for signalling to avoid detection Since high cost is usually associated with signals to co specifics this would lower it |
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Blue tit human perspective VS conspecifics perspective |
Conspecifics see uv relfectsnce on the head and throat and sides. Males and females reflect differently making them look different. Makes birds more conspicuous to each other but cryptic still to predators |
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The purple crown patch of male blue tits |
Uv light only, used for courtship |
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The yellow chest of the blue tit is cryptic but conspicuous.. How |
Reflects uv at 360 and yellow at 570 Means brightness associated with the color |
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Raptor and corvid uv |
Only 390 |
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Foraging of frugivores and the UV advantage |
Red wings and bilberries They're black and blue but reflect uv light making a contract between the berries and the background |
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Insectivorous foragers and the UV advantage |
Blue tits and moths- contrast |
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Nectarivorous predators and foraging of uv |
Flower petals reflect uv |
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How was the blue tit uv brightness tested as a sexual preference for females |
Males were covered with sunscreen which inables them from signalling uv. Those that were not covered by sunscreen were more reproductively successful. Sunscreen males attracted low quality mates only and had reduced offspring breeding success |
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Secondary sexual characteristics |
Plummage Anything that's not gonads |
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Mate choice and uv light reflectance |
Throat coloration of the European starling.. Experiment: UV filter between males and females. Uv cues in natural conditions were not used exclusively. But when uv was removed, it suggested that it was factored into the females evaluation. One of multiple cues |
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Uv light and value of study skins |
People could go back with the discovery of uv light use in birds to check on plummage ie the blue whistling thrush showing speckles not seen previously |
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Cere |
The fleshy knob above the beak of raptors and pigeons |
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Yellow cere pigment nm |
Caratenoid derived from food Reflects at 500-600 but also the cere reflects at 360 Combo of uv and vs |
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Cere of Montague barrier used for.. |
Sexual selection like in other raptors. Brighter cere is correlated with good condition and size. Males with brighter cere mated to better females with larger clutches. |
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How are caratenoid an honest signal |
Linked to the individuals diet |
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A chromatic coloration |
Non color Black grey and white |
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Are monochromatic species actually dichromatic? Achromatic species |
Chickadee achromatic? Males actually have larger black bibs and brighter white plumage patches Strong contrast |
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Male dominance impacts mating opportunities because... |
Females mated to low ranked males participate in EPC (social mate of low rank, seek mate outside pair) Lower rank have smaller clutches Higher ranked males have females that give more offspring and eggs |
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Achromatic plummage is plummage that... |
Is grey white or black and contributes to the male status signal. |
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The bright white patches on the cheeks of chickadees are important because... |
They reflect uv light, brightening them and indicating male quality |
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Multiple signal system of chickadees |
The black bib and bright white cheeks, different songs for dominant males all contributing to reproductive success |
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Male chickadees with whiter plumage.... |
Had more uv relfectsnce in melanin based plumage (bib, cap and mantle) Sired more offspring menacing females did not look for EPC |
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Role of UV in species recognition |
Brush turkeys Polygamous Builds nest for females to lay their eggs Can weigh as much as four tonnes Compost nests Yellow neck |
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Mound of decaying vegetation is used to incubate the eggs and there is no parents care |
Brush turkey |
