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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major functions of avian nervous system |
Obtain info from the environment both externally and internally Analyze this information and respond to it Store info (memory and learning) Coordination in form of outgoing motor impulses |
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Hindbrain/medulla |
Links spinal cord and PNS to the brain as in other vertebrates. Medulla is part of brain stem |
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Neurons control.... |
Heart rate, respiration, blood pressure |
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Mid brain in birds VS reptiles |
Highly developed in birds |
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Large cerebellum of birds involved in.. |
Coordination of skeletal muscle movement Size reflects activity of birds (precise coordination in flight) |
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Optic lobe function |
Processes visual information Is relatively large in birds reflecting importance of vision |
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Forebrain function and form |
Cerebral hemispheres Includes optic lobe |
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Comprised of cerebral cortex in mammals, but in birds it is known as... |
Hyperpallidium (new name to indicate cellular homology to mammals) Was once hyperstriadum |
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Even though mammals are no a birds closest relative.... |
Their brains are most similar |
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Ludwig edinger 1855 to 1918 |
Note origin of species published 1859. Was influenced by Darwin and Aristotle (Scala naturae) Founder of neuroanatomy |
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Formed basis of nomenclature used to define cerebral subdivisions for vertebrates |
Ludwig Edinger |
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Avian cerebrum of ludwig |
Basal ganglia Instinctive behaviour |
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Hyperstriatum Ludwig |
Evolved as a subdivision of basal ganglia unique to birds |
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Virtually no cortex in |
Birds |
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Stratum is root for |
Basal ganglia in avian brain regions |
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Pallium is root of |
Mantle Embryonic region from where neocortex is derived (mamallian brain regions) |
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Cortex is aka |
Pallium |
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Since bird brain is almost all basal ganglia, we wonder... |
How they could think in complex ways |
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Malleable behaviour requires |
The pallium-suggests birds cannot learn new concepts because they don't have one |
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Scala naturae |
Linear Goes from less intelligent to more intelligent and complex |
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Order of evolution at the time |
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, primates, humans |
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The embryonic region from which the cortex is derived |
Mantle |
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The idea that the cortex was reuiwred for advanced complex thinking and malleability is... |
Incorrect Avian brain has pallial regions but organization is different |
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Neostriatum |
Striatal region in mammals small. Comparable to pallial region in birds Instinctive behaviour in avians Intelligent learned behaviour in mammals |
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Hyperpallium |
Learning region in bird Reflects homology with mammals |
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Nomenclature strained the interpretation of Avian and mamallian brains by... |
Restricting the terminology for the advancements seen in neurology confirmed by behaviour. The difference in brains in terms of format and structure |
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Cerebral cortex responsible for... |
High level thought, reasoning, conscious thought, sensory perception, info processing and intelligence |
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Stratum refers to basal ganglia which coordinates... |
Instinctive behaviour |
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Telecephalon |
Cerebrum, hemispheres, forebrain |
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Grey matter in mammal brains is... |
Mostly outer regions in layers |
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In birds the grey matter is... |
Mostly nuclear, it is structurally different and not all visible |
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Revisions to terminology were implemented... |
In 2005 for the avian telencephalon |
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Pallium includes |
Cerebrum : (supports cognitive abilities) , acts as a neocortex (functionality). Capable of malleable and learned behaviour |
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Palladium |
Basal ganglia |
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Classic and modern view of comparing the avian and mammalian brains |
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The pallial region actually makes up... |
75 percent of the avian brain Same as mammals Process info in very similar ways |
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The modern view of bird and mammal brain led to reevaluation which showed that there is actually functional lateralization which means.. |
Left and right brain Left controls complex processes like song learning Right cerebrum monitors motion and selects novel stimuli for processimg |
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Examples of handedness in birds (crossbills) |
Crossbills approach cones from a right or left orientation (left or right billed) |
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Red neck phalcrope handedness |
Spin in water during foraging, either clockwise or counterclockwise |
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Why do darkeyed juncos favor their right eye |
So visual information goes to the left hemisphere |
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New calodonian crow handedness |
In tool making. |
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Mass of avian brain is... |
Proportional to body in same way as mammals |
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3 parts of intelligence |
Comprehension Understanding Benefiting or profiting from experience |
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Brainiest birds |
Corvids Falcons Hawks Woodpeckers Herons |
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Most bird brained birds |
New world quail Emu Ostricj Nightjar |
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Birds that show foraging innovations have larger.... |
Forebrain size which was supported by Lefebvre study |
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Of 19 species that used more than one type of tool, 7 were... |
Corvids |
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Tool users are not closely related |
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Best predictor of tool use |
Brain size |
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Conclusion of Brian size and tool use is that the larger brain allows for... |
More intricate movements |
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True tool use |
Objects used as an extension of the body Detached from substrate and held in foot or mouth |
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Borderline tool use |
Part of the substrate Bait fishing, dropping things on anvils, holding with wedges |
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Spatial memory occurs in the.. |
Hippocampus |
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Ravens display Monday complex feeding behaviours such as.. |
Cache Counting Social learning Foraging techniques Id cheats |
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Food storing in passerines, corvidae, sittidae and Laridae is done with... |
Hippocampus spatial memory |
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Paridae |
Tit mouse and chickadees |
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Sittidae |
Nuthatches |
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Black capped chickadee hippocampus expands in volume 30 % due to new cells added to adult brains for.. |
Food caching |
