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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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antibiotic resistance
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ability of an organism to be unaffected by the actions of an antibiotic biomarker individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state
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biotechnology
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use of biological agents for technological advancement |
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cDNA library
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collection of cloned cDNA sequences |
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cellular cloning
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production of identical cell populations by binary fission |
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chain termination method
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method of DNA sequencing using labeled dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication; it is also called the dideoxy method or the Sanger method |
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clone
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exact replica |
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contig
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larger sequence of DNA assembled from overlapping shorter sequences |
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cytogenetic mapping
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technique that uses a microscope to create a map from stained chromosomes |
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deoxynucleotide
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individual monomer (single unit) of DNA |
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dideoxynucleotide
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individual monomer of DNA that is missing a hydroxyl group (–OH) |
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DNA microarray
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method used to detect gene expression by analyzing an array of DNA fragments that are fixed to a glass slide or a silicon chip to identify active genes and identify sequences |
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expressed sequence tag
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short STS that is identified with cDNA; also known as EST |
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false negative
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incorrect test result that should have been positive |
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foreign DNA
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DNA that belongs to a different species or DNA that is artificially synthesized |
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gel electrophoresis
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technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using electric charge |
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gene targeting
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method for altering the sequence of a specific gene by introducing the modified version on a vector |
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gene therapy
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technique used to cure inheritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes |
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genetic diagnosis
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diagnosis of the potential for disease development by analyzing disease-causing genes |
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genetic engineering
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alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism |
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genetic map
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outline of genes and their location on a chromosome |
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genetic marker
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gene or sequence on a chromosome with a known location that is associated with a specific trait |
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genetic recombination
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exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes genetic testing process of testing for the presence of disease-causing genes |
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genetically modified organism
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organism whose genome has been artificially changed genome annotation process of attaching biological information to gene sequences (GMO) |
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genome mapping
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process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome |
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genomic library
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collection of cloned DNA which represents all of the sequences and fragments from a genome |
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genomics
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study of entire genomes including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species |
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host DNA
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DNA that is present in the genome of the organism of interest |
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linkage analysis
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procedure that analyzes the recombination of genes to determine if they are linked |
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lysis buffer
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solution used to break the cell membrane and release cell contents |
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metabolome
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complete set of metabolites which are related to the genetic makeup of an organism |
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metabolomics
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study of small molecule metabolites found in an organism |
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metagenomics
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study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche |
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microsatellite
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polymorphism variation between individuals in the sequence and number of repeats of microsatellite DNA |
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model organism
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species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism |
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molecular cloning
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cloning of DNA fragments |
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multiple cloning site
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site that can be recognized by multiple restriction endonucleases; also known as MCS |
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next-generation sequencing
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group of automated techniques used for rapid DNA sequencing |
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northern blotting
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transfer of RNA from a gel to a nylon membrane |
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pharmacogenomics
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study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics |
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physical map
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representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers |
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polygenic
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phenotypic characteristic caused by two or more genes |
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polymerase chain reaction
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technique used to amplify DNA; also known as PCR |
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probe
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small DNA fragment used to determine if the complementary sequence is present in a DNA sample |
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protease
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enzyme that breaks down proteins |
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protein signature
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set of uniquely expressed proteins in the diseased state |
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proteome
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entire set of proteins produced by a cell type |
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proteomics
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study of the function of proteomes |
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pure culture
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growth of a single type of cell in the laboratory |
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radiation hybrid mapping
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information obtained by fragmenting the chromosome with x-rays |
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recombinant DNA
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combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature; also known as a chimeric molecule |
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recombinant protein
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protein product of a gene derived by molecular cloning reproductive cloning cloning of entire organisms |
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restriction endonuclease
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enzyme that can recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences |
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restriction fragment length polymorphism
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variation between individuals in the length of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases; also known as RFLP |
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reverse genetics
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method of determining the function of a gene by starting with the gene itself instead of starting with the gene product |
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reverse transcriptase PCR
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PCR technique that involves converting RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase; also known as RT-PCR |
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ribonuclease
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enzyme that breaks down RNA |
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sequence mapping
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mapping information obtained after DNA sequencing |
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shotgun sequencing
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method used to sequence multiple DNA fragments to generate the sequence of a large piece of DNA |
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single nucleotide polymorphism
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variation between individuals in a single nucleotide; also known as SNP |
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Southern blotting
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transfer of DNA from a gel to a nylon membrane
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systems biology
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study of whole biological systems (genomes and proteomes) based on interactions within the system
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Ti plasmid
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plasmid system derived from Agrobacterium tumifaciens that has been used by scientists to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells
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transgenic
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organism that receives DNA from a different species |
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variable number of tandem repeats
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variation in the number of tandem repeats between individuals in the population; also known as VNTRs |
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whole-genome sequencing
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process that determines the DNA sequence of an entire genome |
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biomarker
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individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state |
