Nutrition And Diet Therapy Ch. 7

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

The entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life and encompasses all of the sequences of chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Front 2

Energy metabolism

Back 2

All of the chemical reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food

Front 3

Glucose

Back 3

Carbohydrates are broken down into these during digestion

Front 4

Glycerol and fatty acids

Back 4

Lipids are broken down into these during digestion

Front 5

Amino acids

Back 5

Protein are broken down into these during digestion

Front 6

Amino acids

Back 6

Used primarily as building blocks in the human body, these can be used for energy when needed or to make fat or glucose

Front 7

Anabolic reactions

Back 7

Building reactions

Front 8

Catabolic reactions

Back 8

Breakdown reactions

Front 9

Photosynthesis

Back 9

The process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

Front 10

Fuel

Back 10

Compounds that cells can use for energy. The major include glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Others include ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, and alcohol

Front 11

Anabolism

Back 11

The building up of body compounds . Require energy. Represented with up arrows in chemical diagrams.

Front 12

Catabolism

Back 12

The breaking down of body compounds. Energy is released. Represented by down arrows in chemical diagrams

Front 13

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

Back 13

A common high-energy compound composed of purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.

Front 14

Mitochondria

Back 14

Powerhouse of the cell where the energy we receive from food is exchanged for ATP which can be directly used by the cell.

Front 15

Coupled reactions

Back 15

Pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound.

Front 16

Enzymes

Back 16

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process, protein catalysts

Front 17

Coenzymes

Back 17

Complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity. Many have B vitamins as part of their structures.

Front 18

6

Back 18

Number of carbons in glucose

Front 19

3

Back 19

Number of carbons in glycerol

Front 20

Usually an even number, 16 or 18

Back 20

Number of carbons in a fatty acid

Front 21

2, 3, or more with a nitrogen attached

Back 21

Number of carbons in an amino acid

Front 22

3

Back 22

Number of carbons in pyruvate

Front 23

2

Back 23

Number of carbons in Acetyl CoA

Front 24

45 to 65 percent

Back 24

Percentage of kcalories from carbohydrate in a healthy diet

Front 25

10 to 35 percent

Back 25

Percentage of kcalories from protein in a healthy diet

Front 26

20 to 35 percent

Back 26

Percentage of kcalories from fat in a healthy diet

Front 27

Pyruvate

Back 27

3-carbon compounds that can be converted to glucose

Front 28

Acetyl CoA

Back 28

2-carbon compound that cannot be converted to glucose

Front 29

Glycolysis

Back 29

The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Does not require oxygen (anaerobic).

Front 30

Mitochondria

Back 30

The cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobic Lee. Made of membranes (lipid in protein) with enzymes mounted on them.

Front 31

Anaerobic

Back 31

Not requiring oxygen

Front 32

Aerobic

Back 32

Requiring oxygen

Front 33

Nitrogen

Back 33

deaminated amino acids lose this amino group

Front 34

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Back 34

A series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms. Also called the citric acid cycle or the Kreb's cycle after the biochemist who elucidated its reactions.

Front 35

Electron transport chain

Back 35

The final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Also called the respiratory chain.

Front 36

40

Back 36

Percentage of the chemical energy (food) is captured as ATP

Front 37

60

Back 37

Percentage chemical energy that escapes as heat

Front 38

9

Back 38

kcal/g provided by fat

Front 39

4

Back 39

kcal/g provided by carbohydrate

Front 40

4

Back 40

kcal/g provided by protein

Front 41

7

Back 41

kcal/g provided by alcohol

Front 42

Gluconeogenesis

Back 42

The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. The liver is the major site of this process.

Front 43

Ketone bodies

Back 43

Compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells

Front 44

keto acid

Back 44

An organic acid that contains a carbonyl group

Front 45

1/2

Back 45

1g protein can make this many g glucose

Front 46

About half

Back 46

Amount of total glucose each day at the brain and nerve cells consume

Front 47

90

Back 47

Percent I've needed glucose that protein provides in the first few days of a fast