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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Beginning of Microbiology
who started it? what did he make? what year? |
- Anthony Van leeuwenhoek
- "first" microscope, to view fabric. - 1674 |
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Theory of Spontaneous Generation
- definition? - nay-sayers? |
- "organisms can arise from non-living matter"
- Francesco Redi, Louis Pasteur, John Tyndall |
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Francesco Redi
- experiment? - result? |
- Italian biologist and physician
- rotting meat "producing" worms. used fine gauze on jar. - no eggs. flies needed to drop eggs for meat to produce worms. |
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Louis Pasteur
- experiment - results |
- father of modern microbiology
- filtering air with cotton plug - identified organisms in cotton as same in air. |
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Louis Pasteur part 2
- experiment 2 |
- used swan-necked flask
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John Tyndall
experiment? |
- different infusions required different boiling times.
- found heat-resistant life-form called "endospore" |
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Microorganisms
Positives Negatives |
+'s -
- help produce o2 and usable forms of nitrogen, decomposers, inside human body help breakdown materials -'s - killed a lot of people (1918 flu). |
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Applications of Microbiology 1:
food production |
- fermentation
- yogurt - cheese - buttermilk - bread - beer - wine |
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Applications of Microbiology 2
Food production when bacteria is added |
- yogurt, cheese, buttermilk
- probiotics |
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Applications of Microbiology 3
environmental work |
Bioremediation
- use organisms to degrade environmental waste - degrade PCB's, DDT - clean up oil spill - treat radioactive waste |
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Application of microbiology to human products
what can bacteria synthesize that humans use? |
- ethanol - dietary amino acids
- pesticides - Plasmids and proteins - antibiotics |
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Genetic engineering
definition? application? |
- introduce genes from one organism into another to cause new properties.
- to produce medically important product, plant resistance to disease |
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H. pylori
when was it first identified? what does it cause? |
- 1982
- gastrointestinal disease (ulcers and cancers) |
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Old diseases don't go away
why? 2 reasons |
- increased travel leading to spread of infection
- unvaccinated individuals susceptible to infection |
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Normal flora
bacterial cells to human cells ratio? why are normal flora important? |
- 10:1
- compete with other bacteria for food and space, help prevent breach of host defenses. |
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Bacteria great as model organisms for study
why? 3 reasons |
- metabolism similar to higher lifeforms
- genetic properties mimic other organisms - building blocks of macromolecules same |
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3 domains of life
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- Bacteria
- Archaea - Eucarya |
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Prokaryotes
domain(s)? 4 similar traits? |
- Bacteria and Archaea
- both single celled - contain no membrane bound nucleus - no organelles - rigid cell wall |
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Eukaryotes
domain(s)? 4 main traits different from prokaryotes? |
- Eucarya
- contain membrane bound nucleus - contains organelles - may be single or multicellular |
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Domain Bacteria
shapes? how do they multiply? are all bacteria stationary? |
- rod, spherical, spiral
- Binary fission - no, some are motile by flagella |
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Domain Archaea
- similarities to Bacteria? (i.e. shape, multiply, movement) - differences from bacteria? |
- same: some shapes, binary fission, flagella
- different: cell wall chemically differs, found in extreme environments (temps, high salt) |
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Microbes in the Eucarya domain
3 types |
- algae
- fungi - protozoa |
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Eucarya: Algae
cell type? have something similar to plants? cell wall? |
- single and multicellular
- Chlorophyll, used to fix light energy. - rigid cell wall, different from bacterial ones. |
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Eucarya: Fungi
cell type? - how do they gain energy? |
- single or multicellular
- from organic material (Decomposer) |
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Eucarya: Protozoa
cell type? cell wall? how do they gain energy? movement? |
- single celled, microscopic
- no cell wall - gain energy from organic matter - most can move |
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"Infectious agents": Viruses and Viroids
basic structure? what is their relationship to a host? |
- protein coat enclosing nucleic acid
- obligate intracellular parasites - must use host machinery - inactive outside host |
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Viroids
different from viruses? what nucleic acid do they contain? protein coat? what are viroids specific to? |
- smaller and simpler
- single piece of circular RNA - no protein coat - causing plant disease |
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Prions
what are they? nucleic acids? what type of diseases do they cause? in what hosts? |
- infectious proteins, no nucleic acid
- neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans |
