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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are microbes or microoroganisms?
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organisms you can't see with the naked eye...require a microscope to see them!
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What are some of the roles played by microbes in our life?
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pathogenic, decompose organic waste, producers in our ecosystem, produce industrial chemicals, produce fermented foods (like vinegar and cheese), produce products used in manufacturing (like cellulase) and treatment (insulin).
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What does the term pathogenic mean?
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disease-causing
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Why is it beneficial to study microbiology?
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Knowledge can help prevent food spoilage and disease occurrence. Can also lead to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in laboratories.
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How are microbes named and classified?
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Each organism has two names: the Genus and specific ephiphet. The first letter of the Genus is always capitalized. Both the Genus and the specific ephiphet are underlined or italicized. Can be abbreviated after first time...example: Escheria coli = E.Coli . The name may describe the location of the microbe (example: E.Coli often live in the colon).
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What are the different types of microbes?
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Bacteria, Archae, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, and Multicellular animal parasites.
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What are some of the properties of bacteria?
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prokaryotic, have peptidoglycan cell walls, reproduce via binary fission. For energy use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and photosynthesis.
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What is peptidoglycan?
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The material unique to bacteria cell walls
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What are bacteria cell walls made of?
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peptidoglycan
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What are some of the properties of archae?
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prokaryotic, lack peptidoglycan cell walls, and live in extreme environments.
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What are some properties of fungi?
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eukaryotes, chitin cell walls, use organic chemicals, yeasts are unicellular, molds and mushrooms are multicellular and consist of masses of mycelilia.
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What is the difference between myecilia and hyphae?
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They both makeup the composition of molds and mushrooms. One filament is known as hyphae, and lots of filaments are known as myecilia.
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What are some of the properties of algae?
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They are eukaryotes, they have cellulose cell walls, they use photosynthesis for energy (are oceons),
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What are some of the properties of protozoa?
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They are eukaryotes, they absorb or ingest organic chemicals, they may be motile via pseudopods, cilia and/or flagella
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Are yeasts unicellular or multicelullar?
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unicellular
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Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular?
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multicellular
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What is cellulose?
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material that makes up the cell walls of algae
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What material makes up the cell walls of algae?
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cellulose
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Myecilia and hyphae are associated with what type of microbe?
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fungi
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What type of microbe does the following statement best classify:
"They may be motile via pseduopods, cilia and or flagella?" |
protozoa
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What type of microbe does the following statement best classify:
"They have cellulose cell walls, produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds and use photosynthesis for energy?" |
algae
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What type of microbe is characterized by chitin cell walls?
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fungi
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What type of microbe is best characterized by the following statement:
" They live in extreme environments. Examples include methanogens, extreme halophiles and thermophiles." |
archae
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What is the formula for photosynthesis?
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carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose and oxygen
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What types of microbes are prokaryotic?
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bacteria and archae
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What types of microbes are use binary fission for reproduction?
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bacteria and archae
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What types of microbes use photosynthesis for energy?
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bacteria and algae
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What are some of the properties of viruses?
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acellular, consist of DNA OR RNA core that is surrounded by a protein coat. This coat may be enclosed by a lipid envelope (optional). They replicate only when in living host cells.
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What does acellular mean?
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not cellular
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What are some of the properties of multicellular animal parasites?
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eukaryotes, multicellular animals, parasitic, microscopic stages in life cycles. examples include parasitic flatworms/roundworms
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What is another term for helminths?
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parasitic flatworms and roundworms
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What is parasitism?
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When the relationship is harmful to the host and beneficial to the "visitor"
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What is a symbiotic relationship?
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When the relationship is beneficial to both the host and the "visitor."
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What are the three domains of organisms?
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Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya
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What domain are protists, fungi, plants and animals in?
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Eukarya
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What is cell theory?
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That all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.
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Who observed the first microbes?
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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What is spontaneous generation?
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the hypothesis that all living organisms arise from non-living matter; a "vital force" forms life.
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What is biogenesis?
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the hypothesis that living organisms come from preexisting life.
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What is fermentation?
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It is caused by microbes by converting sugar into alcohol.
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What is some of the experimental data that proved the theory of spontaneous generation wrong?
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1. Francesco Redi and jars of decaying meat example: jars exposed to open air had microbes, jars with net (not exposed to organisms) had no microbes.
2. Most famous: pasteur, S-shaped flask that kept microbes out but let air in, when exposed to microbes ONLY then did growth occur. |
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What is pasteurization?
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Scientist responsible is Louis Pasteur. Involves how to take care of food without destroying flavor, involves the application of a high heat for a very short time period.
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What is an antibiotic?
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a chemical produced by bacteria or fungi that inhibits or kills other microbes
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What is bacteriology?
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the study of bacteria
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What is mycology?
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the study of fungi
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What is virology?
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the study of viruses
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What is parasitology?
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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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What is immunology?
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the study of immunity
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What is microbial ecology?
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the study of how microbes play an essential role in recycling nutrients
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What is microbial genetics?
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the study of how microbes inherit traits
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What is molecular biology?
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How DNA directs protein synthesis
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What is genomics?
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The study of an organisms genes
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What is recombinant DNA?
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DNA made from two different sources
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How are bacteria used in bioremediation?
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using bacteria to degrade organic matter and detoxify pollutants
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How are bacteria used as biological insecticides?
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microbes that are patogenic to insects can be used as pesticides in preventing damage to agricultural crops
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What is biotechnology?
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the use of microbes for our purposes
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What is recombinant DNA technology?
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enables bacteria and fungy to produce a variety of proteins, including vaccines/enzymes, gene therapy (can be used to protect crops from freezing for example)
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What is normal microbiota?
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microbes normally present in/on human body
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What is microflora?
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another term for normal microbiota
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What are some of the advantages of normal microbiata?
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prevent the growth of pathogens, produce growth factors (like folic acid and vitamin K)
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What are biofilms?
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Microbes attached to solid surfaces and grow into masses (they grow on rocks, pipes, teeth and medical implants)
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What is resistance in terms of microbiology?
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when a microbe has grown resistant to a specific antibiotic.
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What are Koch's postulates?
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1 Organism is constantly present in diseased animals. 2 Organism is cultivated in pure culture. 3 Cultivated organisms are inoculated into health animals, who become sick. 4 Organism is then isolated from this animal and shown to be the orginal organism
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