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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microorganisms - Bacteria - Fungi - Protists - Microscopic Algae - Viruses |
Living things too small to be seen by the naked eye 5 Types |
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Pathogenic |
Disease Producing |
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Bacteria |
- Unicellular Prokaryotes but may form groups - Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan - Binary fission - Nutritionally diverse |
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Archaea |
- Unicellular prokaryotes - Cell walls lack peptidoglycan - Extremophiles - Often found in extreme environments Ex: Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles - Not known to cause human disease - Organize DNA differently than bacteria and cell walls and membranes are more chemically similar to eukarya |
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Extremophiles
Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles |
- Often found in extreme environments Ex: - Produce methane gas - Live in extremely salty environments (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake) - Live in hot sulfurous water (Hot Springs) (4 Terms) |
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Protozoa |
- Unicellular eukaryotes - Sexual/asexual reproduction - Shape variety, move with pseudopods, flagella or cilia - Some are photosynthetic - Live as free entities or parasites |
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Fungi |
- Uni- or multicellular eukaryotes - Cell wall: Chitin - Sexual/asexual reproduction - Absorb nutrition from environment - Ex: Yeasts and molds |
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Parasites |
Organisms that derive nutrition from their hosts |
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Algae |
- Multicellular eukaryotes - Cell wall: May contain Cellulose - Sexual/asexual reproduction - Wide variety of shapes - Don't confuse with plantae |
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Viruses |
- Acellular - Only visible with electron microscope - Protein coat with DNA/RNA core - Can only reproduce using cellular machinery of others - Living when inside host, non-living outside host |
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Parasites |
- Multicellular eukaryotes - Not necessarily microorganisms - Diagnosed with tests similar to bacteria - Ex: Helminths - Flatworms, roundworms |
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Cell theory: all living things are composed of cells By Robert Hooke |
- Observed wooden slice of cork under microscope and determined that life's smallest structural units were "little boxes" - cells This led to which theory? By who? |
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Anton van Leewenhoek |
- Considered grandfather of biology for developing better lenses and observed what he described as animalcules |
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Spontaneous Generation Jar Experiment |
Francesco Redi Set out to disprove ______ ________ (maggots generated from dead bodies, fungus generated from spoiled food) With what experiment? |
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Vital Growth by John Needham Lazzaro Spallanzani |
Disputed between 2 scientists - One heated chicken broth and still had microbial growth, believed that there was a '________ _________' which could be destroyed by heating - The other suggested microbes in the air lead to the growth and heated nutritional broth in sealed flasks with no growth |
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Rudolf Virchow Biogenesis |
- Scientist who developed the concept of ____________, that living cells only arise from preexisting cells |
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Louis Pasteur Flasks experiments |
- Provided basis of aseptic techniques, procedures that prevented contamination from unwanted microbes What were these experiments called? |
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Fermentation |
Using yeasts to convert sugars into alcohols in the absence of air |
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Pasteurization |
Using heat to kill most of the microbes present to prevent spoilage
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Germ Theory of Disease |
Microorganisms Cause disease (Theory) |
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Vaccination |
- Cowpox was an assumed _________________ of smallpox - Jenner assumed this because he did not contract smallpox while working with cows |
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Chemotherapy |
- Treatment or cure of disease using chemical substances |
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Antibiotics |
Chemicals naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms |
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Synthetic Drugs
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Chemotherapeutic agents made in laboratories
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Bacteriology Mycology Parasitology Immunology Virology |
Name the terms for: - Study of bacteria - Fungus - Parasites, including helminths - Immunity - Viruses Genomics allowed for further and more accurate classification than previously used visual techniques |
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16S RNA gene |
- A prokaryotic rRNA gene with a name referring to its size - Contains conserved and variable regions - Conserved regions are almost identical - Variable regions that change very slowly, allow easy sequencing - Primers are like conserved regions which the DNA polymerase actually attaches which can be amplifed with PCRs to replicate the gene |
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Recombinant DNA |
DNA from 1 or 2 more sources Requires plasmids and 2 enzymes, the restriction enzyme and DNA ligase |
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Plasmid |
- Small accessory circles of DNA found in bacteria - Not part of main chromosome and replicates on its own - Has antibiotic resistance and immunity kind of function - Common vectors used in biotechnology |
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Restriction Enzyme
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- Cuts viral DNA sequences found in bacterial cells into "sticky ends" where other DNA duplex plasmids can be inserted - DNA ligase then seals the DNA - Needed for recombinant DNA |
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Human proteins from bacteria |
- For bacteria to express a human gene, a cloned gene has to be accompanied by regulatory regions unique to bacteria - Gene can't have any introns - Reverse transcriptase makes DNA copy of mRNA - Resulting complementary DNA (cDNA) does not have introns - Bacteria can transcribe and translate cloned cDNA to produce _________ ___________ |
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Reverse Transcriptase |
- Enzymes that can make DNA copy of mRNA called cDNA that doesn't have any introns in order to make human proteins |
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Microbial Ecology |
- Study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment - Element cycle: CNOPS - Only organisms that can 'fix nitrogen' out of atmosphere |
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Sewage Treatment |
- Primary step involves wastewater pushed through coarse debris screen to remove sand/grit, microbes digest sludge - Secondary step involves aeration, clarification, disinfection with chlorine or UV - Tertiary step involves nutrient removal |
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Bioremediation |
- Using bacteria to clean up toxins and pollution |
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Insect Control |
- Ex: Baccillus thuringiensis - Produces protein crystals toxic to digestive systems of insects - Nowadays pesticides |
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Comparitive Genomics |
Evaluation of similarities and differences between genomes of different organisms; can reveal differences between individuals and species as well as evolutionary relationships |
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Phylogenetic Tree of Life |
- Suggests that domain bacteria and archaea may have evolved from first common ancestor - Believed domain Eukarya split from Archaea |
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10 100 |
There are ____ x more bacterial cells on and in your body than human cells For every human cell, there are ___ bacteria. |
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1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3. Cells only come from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing
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Cell Theory
(3 Ideas) |
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Smaller surface area allows better molecule and nutrient exchange for volume of cell |
Why is a cell so small? (1 micrometer) |
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Prokaryotes |
- No membrane bound nucleus - Nucleoid (DNA bundle) - Circular DNA - Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes |
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Bacteria |
- Structurally simple, metabolically diverse |
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Prokaryotes Cell Envelope |
- Includes plasma membrane, cell wall and glycocalyx (polysaccharide layer outside cell wall that prevents drying out; helps avoid host's immune system in pathogens - disease causing bacteria) - Glycocalyx layer called capsule if compact, slime layer if diffuse - Plasma membrane can form internal pouches called mesosomes which increase surface area - Cell wall maintains shape and resists osmotic pressure - made of peptidoglycan |
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Inclusion Body |
- Prokaryotic organelle that stores nutrients for later use |
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Flagella - Propels bacteria through water Fimbriae - Bristle like fibers that aid in attachment Conjugation Pili - Pass DNA between bacteria |
3 Type of Prokaryotic appendages and Function |
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Mesosome |
Internal pouches formed from the plasma membrane on prokaryotes that increase surface area |
