Nbde Biochemistry/physiology Sso

Front 1

The innermost layer (nervous tissue) of the eye

Back 1

Retina

Front 2

Photoreceptor cells called _____ and _____ compose the visual receptors (fro the optic nerve) of the retina.

Back 2

Rods
Cones

Front 3

What do rods and cones contain?

Back 3

Photopigments

Front 4

How many different photopigments are there?

Back 4

4

Front 5

What are the constituents of a photopigment?

Back 5

Opsin (protein) attached to retinal (chromophore molecule)

Front 6

What differs form pigment to pigment and confers specific light-sensitive properties on each photopigment.

Back 6

Opsins

Front 7

What is retinal produced from?

Back 7

Vitamin A

Front 8

What is the photopigment of Rods?

Back 8

rhodopsin

Front 9

What photoreceptors indicate different degrees of brightness and is characterized by a relative lack of color discrimination.

Back 9

Rods

Front 10

Where are rods located in abundance?

Back 10

Periphery of the retina

Front 11

What photoreceptors are responsible for color vision?

Back 11

Cones

Front 12

What are the three different types of cones?
What does each contain?

Back 12

Red, Green, Blue
Diff. photopigment attuned to certain wavelength

Front 13

Where are cones primarily concentrated?

Back 13

Center of retina (Fovea)

Front 14

What is Synthesized during dark adaptation or night vision?

Back 14

Rhodopsin from rods

Front 15

What are the most abundant photoreceptors, that have higher sensitivity, and lower acuity?

Back 15

Rods

Front 16

The crystal clear dome that covers the front of the eye.

Back 16

Cornea

Front 17

The majority _____ of the bending (refracting) of light rays is accomplished by the _____.

Back 17

70%
Cornea

Front 18

The shape of the cornea _____ _____ _____.

Back 18

Does not change

Front 19

The crystaline structure which finishes focusing the light, and helps to fine-tune vision and is able to change shape to allow focus on near objects.

Back 19

Lens

Front 20

What is it called when the lens becomes cloudy?

Back 20

Cataract

Front 21

The opening in the middle of the iris.

Back 21

Pupil

Front 22

The part of the eye that gives it color. Functions like a shutter in a camera, allowing more or less light into the eye.

Back 22

Iris

Front 23

Thin layer of nerve tissue that senses light. This is analogous to the film in the camera.

Back 23

Retina

Front 24

The center of the retina that receives the focus of the object of regard.

Back 24

Fovea

Front 25

Why can images focused on the fovea be seen in greater detail?

Back 25

Nerve cells are more densely packed in this region

Front 26

The nerve that runs from the eyeball to the brain, carries information from the retina to the brain for interpretation

Back 26

Optic Nerve

Front 27

What fluid fills the anterior chamber of the eye?

Back 27

Aqueous humor

Front 28

What fluid fills the posterior segment of the eye?

Back 28

Vitreous humor

Front 29

What does a sound wave strike first in the ear?

Back 29

Tympanic membrane

Front 30

What is the path of sound wave transference?

Back 30

Tympanic membrane vibrates - membrane of oval window vibrates - perilymph/endolymph moves - Basilar membrane vibrate - Stimulation of hairs on organ of corti - CN stimulation

Front 31

Where is the perilymph located?

Back 31

Boney labyrinth of Cochlea

Front 32

Where is the endolymph located?

Back 32

Membranous labyrinth of Cochlea

Front 33

What are the external parts of the ear?

Back 33

Auricle
External auditory canal

Front 34

What directs sound waves?

Back 34

Auricle (pinna)

Front 35

What contains hair and cerumen (brown earwax) and serves as a resonator

Back 35

External auditory canal (meatus)

Front 36

what are the parts of the middle ear?

Back 36

Auditory tube
Ossicles

Front 37

Air-filled cavity in the temporal bone.

Back 37

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

Front 38

What part of the ear equalizes pressure?

Back 38

Auditory tube

Front 39

What part of the ear links together to transmit sounds to the oval window?

Back 39

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Front 40

What are the organs of the Inner Ear?

Back 40

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

Front 41

Where is the perilymph located?

Back 41

Boney labyrinth of Cochlea

Front 42

Where is the endolymph located?

Back 42

Membranous labyrinth of Cochlea

Front 43

What are the external parts of the ear?

Back 43

Auricle
External auditory canal

Front 44

What directs sound waves?

Back 44

Auricle (pinna)

Front 45

What contains hair and cerumen (brown earwax) and serves as a resonator

Back 45

External auditory canal (meatus)

Front 46

what are the parts of the middle ear?

Back 46

Auditory tube
Ossicles

Front 47

Air-filled cavity in the temporal bone.

Back 47

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

Front 48

What part of the ear equalizes pressure?

Back 48

Auditory tube

Front 49

What part of the ear links together to transmit sounds to the oval window?

Back 49

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Front 50

What are the organs of the Inner Ear?

Back 50

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

Front 51

What part of the ear is formed by the membranous labyrinth within a bony labyrinth?

Back 51

Inner Ear

Front 52

What part of the ear is associated with a sense of balance?

Back 52

Vestibule (saccule and Utricle)

Front 53

What part of the ear is concerned with equilibrium?

Back 53

Semicircular canals

Front 54

What is the portion of the ear responsible for hearing. The basic functional unit for hearing because it transforms fluid vibrations from sound waves into a nerve impulse.

Back 54

Cochlea

Front 55

What are the two membranes found in the cochlea?

Back 55

Vestibular and Basilar

Front 56

Constriciton of the pupil of the eye

Back 56

Miosis

Front 57

The prolonged abnormal dilation of the pupil of the eye induced by a drug or caused by a disease.

Back 57

Mydriasis

Front 58

What is the deficiency in which the eye is too long for the refractive power of the lens, and far objects are focused at a point _____ of the retina?

Back 58

Myopia (nearsightedness)
In Front

Front 59

What are the causes of Myopia (nearsightedness)?

Back 59

Steep cornea
Longer than normal eye

Front 60

What is used to treat Myopia?

Back 60

Concave lenses

Front 61

What is nearsightedness essentially?

Back 61

See well up close and struggles at a distance

Front 62

What deficiency occurs when light entering the eye focuses _____ the retina instead of directly on it?

Back 62

Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Behind

Front 63

What causes hyperopia (farsightedness)?

Back 63

Flatter cornea
Shorter than normal eye

Front 64

What is farsightedness essentially?

Back 64

See well far away, but have trouble seeing up close

Front 65

How is Hyperopia treated?

Back 65

Convex lenses

Front 66

What occurs when the curvature of the lens is not uniform and is corrected with _____ lenses?

Back 66

Astigmatism
Cylindrical

Front 67

What is the inability of the eye to focus sharply on nearby objects, resulting from the loss of elasticity of the lens with advancing age?

Back 67

Presbyopia

Front 68

How is Presbyopia corrected?

Back 68

Bifocals