Nbde Biochemistry/physiology Sub

Front 1

What is the lineage of seratonin?

Back 1

Phosphoenolpyruvate - tryptophan - seratonin
(phosphoenolpyruvate also gives rise to tyrosine)

Front 2

What is the lineage of epinephrine?

Back 2

Erythrose-4-phosphate - phenylalanine - tyrosine - dopa - dopamine - norepinephrine - epinephrine

Front 3

Serotonin is released from _____ upon damage to the blood vessel walls

Back 3

Platelets

Front 4

Serotonin acts a a potent _____ and _____ vascular peripheral resistance.

Back 4

Vasoconstrictor
Increases

Front 5

In gastric mucous membranes, seratonin is secreted by the _____ cells and causes the smooth muscle to contract. In the brain seratonin acts as a _____.

Back 5

Enteroendocrine
Neurotransmitter

Front 6

What interferes with the action of Serotonin in the brain?

Back 6

Lysergic acid diethylamide

Front 7

Histamine is a powerful _____ that is formed by the decarboxylation of _____.

Back 7

Vasodilator
Histidine

Front 8

Histamine is found in all tissues, particularly in _____ cells and their related blood _____, with the highest concentration in the _____.

Back 8

Mast
Basophils
Lungs

Front 9

What are the two major receptor types that histamine has which invokes powerful pharmacologic actions?

Back 9

H1 and H2 receptors

Front 10

What receptors mediate the typical allergic and anaphylactic responses to histamine -- bronchodilation, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability?

Back 10

H1 Receptors

Front 11

What receptors mediate other responses to histamine, such as the increased secretion of gastric acid and pepsin?

Back 11

H2 receptors

Front 12

The actions of _____ are similar to histamine.

Back 12

Bradykinin

Front 13

The concentration of Heparin in the blood is normally _____, so that only under limited physiological conditions does it have significant _____ effects.

Back 13

Slight
Anticoagulant

Front 14

_____ is contained in secretory vesicles or granules within _____ cells and the _____ cells of the blood, which are functionally almost identical to the mast cells.

Back 14

Heparin
Mast
Basophil

Front 15

Where does Heparin exist in the greatest concentrations?

Back 15

Tissues surrounding capillaries of the lungs and liver.

Front 16

What will result from the administration of Heparin?
What is Heparin used in treating ?

Back 16

Increase bleeding time due to antithrombin activation
Tx for patients who suffered a coronary thrombosis.

Front 17

What does heparin prevent the action of?
what does it interfere with?

Back 17

Factor IX
Thrombin action

Front 18

_____ can also enhance the removal of lipoproteins from the blood by binding apolipoproein E and by activating _____ _____.

Back 18

Heparin
Lipoprotein lipase

Front 19

Where are prostaglandins synthesized?

Back 19

A wide variety of tissues

Front 20

What are any group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway and act as potent mediators of numerous different physiological processes?

Back 20

Prostaglandins

Front 21

_____ belong to a subclass of lipids known as the _____ because of their structural similarities to the _____ polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Back 21

Prostaglandins
eicosanoids
C-20

Front 22

How are prostaglandins similar to hormones?
How are they different?

Back 22

They stimulate target cells into action

They act locally, metabolized rapidly, and act differently at different tissues.

Front 23

What is the structure of a prostaglandin?

Back 23

20-carbon fatty acids that contain a 5-membered ring

Front 24

What are prostaglandins synthesized from?

Back 24

Arachidonic acid created by phospholipase A2

Front 25

What are the intermediate pathways of arachidonic acid?

What will these pathways create?

Back 25

Cyclooxygenase or Lipooxygenase pathways

Cyclo - (thromboxanes, prostacyclins, prostaglandins D,E,F)
Lipo - (Leukotrienes)

Front 26

What inhibits the biosynthesis of prostaglandins?
How?

Back 26

NSAIDS
Interferes with cyclooxygenase

Front 27

Prostaglandins _____ inflammatory effects, whereas aspirin _____ them.

Back 27

Enhances
Diminishes

Front 28

_____ are potent bronchoconstrictors and cause airway wall edema, increasing mucus production. They also attract _____ into the tissues and amplify the inflammatory response.

Back 28

Leukotrienes
Eosinophils

Front 29

What part of the cells is arachidonic acid stripped from to make prostaglandins?

Back 29

Cell membrane (within the phospholipids)

Front 30

What is a prostaglandin that is produced in the walls of blood vessels that acts as a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation?

Back 30

Prostacyclin