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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration.
What molecule does this classically? |
Diffusion
Oxygen |
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When molecules are even throughout a space it is called _____.
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Equilibrium
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A type of diffusion, but involving only the movement of water across the membrane.
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Osmosis
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What is the best description for both osmosis and diffusion?
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Passive transport - no energy used
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A process whereby a substance passes through a membrane with the aid of an intermediary or a facilitator. The force that drives the molecule from one side to the other is _____.
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Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion |
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The pumping of molecules or ions through a membrane against their concentration gradient. Requires a transporting protein and energy.
What is the form of energy used? |
Active transport
ATP |
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What mediates the transport of glucose into red blood cells and throughout the blood brain barrier?
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Glut-1
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What provides glucose to the liver and pancreatic cells?
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Glut-2
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What is the main transporter in neurons for cell transport?
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Glut-3
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What transporter is expressed in muscle and adipose tissue?
What is it regulated by? |
Glut-4
Insulin |
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What cellular transporter transports fructose in the intestine and testis?
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Glut-5
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What are the common factors that will lead to edema in patients?
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Ateriolar dilation
Venous constriction Long standing |
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What is the physical cause of edema?
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Positive pressure in the interstitial fluid
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What is systemic or generalized edema called?
What is massive systemic edema called? |
Heart failure or renal disease
Anasarca |
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A solution that when placed on the outside of the cell will not cause osmosis.
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Isotonic
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A solution that when placed on the outside of the cell wall will cause osmosis into the cell
What does this lead to? |
Hypotonic
Swelling |
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A solution that when placed on the outside of the cell will cause osmosis out of the cell.
What does this lead to? |
Hyerpertonic
Shrinkage |
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What two solutions are approximately isotonic to plasma?
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0.9% sodium chloride
5% glucose |
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The method of measuring heat loss or energy. This is a method of measuring energy released by the cells.
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Calorimetry
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What kind of reactions produce heat?
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Oxidative reactions (evaporation, radiation, conductance, convection)
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Human calorie use can also be measured in terms of the amount of _____ inhaled and the amount of _____ _____ exhaled during a given time. This is called _____ _____.
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Oxygen
Carbon dioxide Indirect Calorimetry |
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The heat content of a system.
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Enthalpy
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A physical value that describes the degree of the order of a system.
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Entropy
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Statement that any chemical or physical process, the entropy of the universe tends to increase. Energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out if not hindered.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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What is a defective gene that is involved in triggering cancer cell growth?
How many are mutant in all forms of cancer? |
Oncogene
One or more |
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What are genes that function to promote cell division. A single unregulated copy of these leads to uncontrolled cell growth.
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Protooncogenes
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What type of cell requires to parts to be mutated in order to have abnormal cell division?
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Tumor suppressor gene
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What oncogene has been identified in up to 30% of human breast cancers?
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Her-2/neu (growth factor receptor)
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What oncogene has been identified in cancers of many different origins, including pancreas (_____), colon (_____), lung (_____), thyroid (_____), bladder (_____), ovarian (_____), breast, skin, liver, kidney, and some leukemias?
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ras (signal transduction molecule)
90% 50% 30% 50% 6% 15% |
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What oncogene has been found in many different cancers including Burkitt's lymphoma, B-cell leukemia, and lung cancer?
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myc (transcription factor)
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What was the first oncogene ever discovered and has been identified in human neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, colon and breast carcinomas, and rhabdomyosarcoma?
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src (protein tyrosine kinase)
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What makes up the most of the organic component of bone?
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Type 1 Collagen secreted by osteoblasts
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Osteoblasts are mononucleate bone-forming cells that descend from _____ cells.
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Osteoprogenitor
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Osteoblasts are located on the surface of osteoid seams and make a protein mixture known as _____, which mineralizes to become bone.
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osteoid
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What are the components of the intercellular matrix of bone?
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Organic components (glycosaminoglycans, collagen)
Inorganic salts (Primarily calcium phosphate - hydroxyapatite) |
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What does collagen provide for bone?
What does inorganic salts provide for bone? What is bone an important reservoir for? |
Tensile strength
Withstand compression Calcium |
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What are the common glycosaminoglycans present in the intercellular matrix?
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Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate Osteocalcin (calcium binding protein) Osteonectin (collagen binding protein) |
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Bone density and structural integrity decrease after age _____ in women and _____ in men.
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30
45 |
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What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
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Covalent bond
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What bonds are created between atoms with similar electronegativity. In general this decreases as you move down the periodic table. The forces that hold atoms together.
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Covalent bonds
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What factor causes a covalent bond to hold together?
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Sharing of electrons
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Weak bonds are important in stabilizing _____ structure of proteins.
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Secondary
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_____ bonds keep complementary strands of DNA together and participate in enzymatic catalysis.
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Hydrogen bonds
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Denaturing agents act primarily by disrupting the _____ _____ that make up the stable core of globular proteins.
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Hydrophobic interactions
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How are sound waves characterized by?
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Pitch
Loudness Timbre (quality) |
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Pitch is related to _____ of the sound wave.
What is this measured by? |
Frequency
Hertz (Hz) |
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The loudness of the sound is related to the _____ and the ____ of the wave.
What is this measured in? |
Intensity
Amplitude Decibels (dB) |
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What is the timbre or quality of a sound related to?
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The presence or additional sound waves frequencies superimposed on the principal frequency.
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What is the major intracellular cation?
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Potassium
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What comprises 2/3 of the body's water?
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Intracellular Fluid
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What is intracellular fluid primarily a solution of?
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Potassium, organic anions, proteins
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What is the solution of extracellular fluid primarily?
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NaCl and NaHCO3
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What are the three subdivisions of extracellular fluid?
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Interstitial fluid
Plasma Transcellular fluid |
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What surrounds cells but does not circulate and comprises about 3/4 of the ECF?
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Interstitial fluid
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What circulates as the extra-cellular component of blood, and makes up 1/4 of ECF?
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Plasma
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What is a set of fluids that are outside of the normal compartments. These make up the 1-2 liters of fluid in the CSF, digestive juices, mucus, ect.
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Transcellular Fluid
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What is the 60-40-20 rule?
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60% water
40% ICF 20% ECF |
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The EFC volume is proportional to the total _____ content.
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Na
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The temperature of the body is regulated by neural feedback mechanisms that operate primarily through the _____.
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Hypothalamus
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When does the body start sweating?
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When skin temp reaches 37C
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What happens to regulate temp when skin temp drops below37C?
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Vasoconstriction
Shivering (most potent) Secretion of norepi., epi., thyroxine |
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Heat transfer by the emission of the electromagnetic waves that carry energy away from the emitting object.
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Radiation
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Heat transfer by means of molecular agitation within a material without any motion of the material as a whole.
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Conduction
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Heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it.
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Convection
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The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on what and not on what else?
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Number of solute particles present
No various properties |
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What is expressed in units of osmoles per liter of solution?
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Osmolarity
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What is defined as osmoles per kilogram solvent?
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Osmolality
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A measure of all the solutes in solution is...
A measure of impermeable solutes is... |
Osmolarity
Tonicity |
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What is a measure of the amount of two solutes in two solutions?
What is the comparison of osmotic pressure gradient? |
Osmolarity
Tonicity |
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Reactions that proceed with the release of energy are _____.
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Exergonic
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What is the free energy change of exergonic reactions?
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Negative delta G
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What are chemical reactions in which the products have more free energy than the reactants?
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Endergonic
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What is the free energy change of an endergonic reaction?
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Positive delta G and heat is consumed as a reactant.
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The different possible versions of an atom is called what?
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Isoptoes
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Isotpoes have the _____ number of neutrons and a _____ number of protons.
They have the same _____ number but different _____ number. |
Different
Same Atomic Mass |
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What are the stages of the cell cycle?
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G1-S-G2-M
G1 (Gap) S (Synthesis) G2 (Gap 2) M (Mitosis) |
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What is the stage of the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs?
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S stage (synthesis)
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What is the stage of the cell cycle when nuclear chromosomes separate and cytoplasmic division occurs?
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M stage (mitosis)
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What are the four phases of mitosis?
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telophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase
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When does the cell leave the cell periodically?
When does the cell enter the cell cycle again? |
G1
G0 |
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What occurs to the cells in the G0 phase?
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Secretion, attacking pathogens, basically all the other things the cell does
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What is the only phase of the cell cycle in which protein and RNA synthesis do not occur?
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M phase (mitosis)
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What class of antibodies constitutes about 75% of the antibodies?
What is the second most abundant? What is shows a large increase during infection? |
IgG
IgA IgM |
