Nbde Biochemistry/physiology Min/vit

Front 1

Vitamin C:
- also called _____ acid
- deficiency primarily affects _____ tissue
- it is an _____
- is essential for the normal elaboration and maintenance of _____ _____, _____, and _____.

Back 1

Ascorbic
Connective
Antioxident
Bone matrix, cartilage, dentin

Front 2

What mineral is a part of active cytochrome oxidase?

Back 2

Copper

Front 3

What is one of a superfamily of proteins that act as the terminal enzymes of the respiratory chains?

Back 3

Cytochrome oxidase

Front 4

Copper is also important in the maturation of _____ and _____ as copper is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ _____.

Back 4

Collagen
Elastin
Lysyl oxidase

Front 5

Inorganic substances that are essential to life and serve both structural and regulatory functions.

Back 5

Minerals

Front 6

What are the major minerals?

Back 6

Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Front 7

What are the trace minerals?

Back 7

Chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

Front 8

What are the general functions of minerals?

Back 8

- Maintenance of acid-base balance
- Coenzymes or catalysts for biologic reactions
- Components of essential body compounds
- Transmission of nerve impulses and regulation of muscle contractions
- Maintenance of water
- Growth of oral and other body tissues

Front 9

Vitamin E:
- also called _____
- prevents what?
- Is the _____ of the fat-soluble vitamins

Back 9

Tocopherol
Prevents free radicals from oxidizing
Least

Front 10

What is the most toxic of all vitamins?

Back 10

Vitamin D

Front 11

What is a deficiency in vitamin E almost entirely restricted to?

Back 11

Premature infants

Front 12

What disease is characterized by a deficiency in Thiamin (Vitamin B12) and is characterized by dry skin, irritability, disorderly thinking, and progressive paralysis?

Back 12

Adult Beriberi

Front 13

What vitamin is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and many amino acids and is also required for the health of the nervous system?

Back 13

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Front 14

What disease is a result of a Niacin deficiency?

Back 14

Pellagra

Front 15

What characterizes Pellagra?

Back 15

Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia

Front 16

Naicin:
- is also called _____ _____
- is a component of _____ and _____
- can be formed from the amino acid _____
- high supplemental doses are effective in treating _____.

Back 16

Nicotinic acid
NAD+, NADP+
Tryptophan
Hypelipidemia

Front 17

What is a water soluble vitamin and in contrast to other water-soluble vitamins is not excreted quickly in the urine, but rather accumulates and is stored in the liver, kidney, and other body tissues?

Back 17

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Front 18

Vitamin B12 functions as a _____ donor and works with folic acid in the synthesis of _____ and _____ and is vitally important in maintaining the health of the _____ _____ in nerves.

Back 18

Methyl
DNA
RBC's
myelin sheath

Front 19

Vitamin B12 is involved in:
- formation of _____
- conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to _____

Back 19

Methionine
succinyl CoA

Front 20

A deficiency of Vitamin B12 is usually due to the absence of _____ _____, which is produced in the _____.

Back 20

Intrinsic Factor
Stomach

Front 21

What is the only vitamin that contains essential mineral elements and is the first substance containing _____ that is found to be vital to life?

Back 21

Vitamin B12

Cobalt

Front 22

What vitamin is required for the balancing of hormonal changes in women as well as assisting the immune system and the growth of new cells?

Back 22

Vitamin B6

Front 23

What is vitamin B6 a collective term for?

What are they derivatives from?

Back 23

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine

Pyridine

Front 24

The three compounds of Vitamin B6 all serve as precursors to what?
What is its function?

Back 24

Pyridoxal phosphate
Coenzyme for transamination of amino acids

Front 25

Vitamin B6 is also used in the processing and _____ of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, while assisting with controlling _____ as well as behavior.

Back 25

Metabolism
Mood

Front 26

Vitamin B6 assists in the balancing of _____ and _____ as well promotes red blood cell production.

Back 26

Sodium
Potassium

Front 27

Vitamin B6 is further involved in the _____ _____.
It has been linked to _____ immunity and fights the formation of the toxic chemical _____, which is detrimental to the heart muscle.

Back 27

Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA)
Cancer
homocysteine

Front 28

Deficiencies of Vitamin B6 are _____ but have been observed in women taking oral contraceptives and _____.

Back 28

Rare
Alcoholics

Front 29

What are the dietary sources of Vitamin B6?

Back 29

Meats (liver), vegetables, whole-grain cereals, egg yolks

Front 30

What vitamin is water soluble and helps the body form RBC's and aids in the formation of genetic material?

Back 30

Folacin - folate, or folic acid

Front 31

Folacin is involved in the synthesis of _____ and _____.

Back 31

Purines
Thymine

Front 32

Folic acid is stored in the _____ and may be synthesized by the _____ _____ of the GI tract.

Back 32

Liver
Bacterial flora

Front 33

Folic acid deficiency is the most common _____ deficiency in the U.S., particularly among pregnant women and _____.

Back 33

Vitamin
Alcoholics

Front 34

What vitamin that is fat-soluble is necessary for calcium's role in blood clotting?

Back 34

Vitamin K

Front 35

Vitamin K is also known as _____ or antihemorrhagic factor.
What are the clotting factors that Vitamin K post-translationally modifys?

Back 35

Phylloquinone

II, VII, IX, X

Front 36

Vitamin K is synthesized by _____ bacteria.
_____ is the synthetic analog of vitamin K, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of _____ formation.

Back 36

Intestinal
Warfarin
Prothrombin

Front 37

Vitamin K decreases _____ _____ and is present in low concentrations in _____.

Back 37

Coagulation Time
Milk

Front 38

What is a water-soluble B complex vitamin that is essential for growth, reproduction, and normal physiological functions?
What is it a component of?

Back 38

Pantothenic acid - pantothanate or Vitamin B5
Coenzyme A

Front 39

Pantothenic acid is compound found in what process?

Back 39

Fatty acid synthase

Front 40

What is required for the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis?

Back 40

Biotin

Front 41

Biotin is essential for the activity of many enzyme systems that are involved in _____ _____ and _____ protein synthesis.

Back 41

Amino acid
Protein

Front 42

Biotin is sometimes called _____ and can be synthesized by _____ bacteria.

Back 42

Vitamin H
Intestinal

Front 43

_____ is a protein, found in uncooked egg whites, that binds to and inactivates _____ and that, when present in abundance, can result in a deficiency in _____.

Back 43

Avidin
Biotin
Biotin

Front 44

Vitamin A (_____) is a constituent of _____.

Back 44

Retinol
Rhodopsin

Front 45

Vitamin A is involved in maintenance of _____ tissues.
Vitamin A has a role in _____ synthesis, _____ growth and remodeling.

Back 45

Epithelial
mucopolysaccharide
bone

Front 46

Vitamin A, along with vitamins C and D, is required for the normal production of sound _____ and _____.
Deficiency in Vitamin A will affect _____
Deficiency in Vitamin C will affect _____.

Back 46

Dentin and Enamel
Enamel
Dentin

Front 47

What vitamins have a risk of overdose?

Back 47

Vitamin A, D, E, K
Fat-soluble vitamins

Front 48

What are the water soluble vitamins termed?
What is the exception?

Back 48

B-Complex vitamins
Vitamin C

Front 49

What are the B-Complex vitamins?

Back 49

B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
B6 (pyridoxine)
niacin (nicotinic acid)
B12 (cobalamin)
folacin (folic acid)
biotin (vitamin H)

Front 50

Unlike other water-soluble vitamins vitamin B12 is excreted solely where?

Back 50

Feces

Front 51

What fat soluble vitamin is a steroid hormone and is known for its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus?

Back 51

Vitamin D

Front 52

How is vitamin D made in the body?

Back 52

After exposure to Ultraviolet light

Front 53

The _____ and _____ help convert vitamin D to its active hormone form.

Back 53

Liver
Kidney

Front 54

What is the active form of Vitamin D?

Back 54

1,25-dihydroxychole-calciferol

Front 55

Vitamin D promotes growth and mineralization of _____ and _____.

Back 55

Bones and Teeth

Front 56

Vitamin D prevents _____ in children and _____ in adults.

Back 56

Rickets
Osteomalacia

Front 57

Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone both _____ serum calcium.

Back 57

Increase

Front 58

In what order does vitamin D get converted from its inactive to its fully active form?

Back 58

Skin - Liver - Kidney

Front 59

______, an intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, is converted to _____ in the dermis and epidermis of humans exposed to sunlight.

Back 59

7-dehydrocholesterol
cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

Front 60

_____ is not biologically active, but is a precursor of the active molecule 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. The most prominent actions of this active molecule are to regulate the plasma levels of _____ and _____.

Back 60

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Calcium
Phosphorus

Front 61

Cholecalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the _____. Which is in turn converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the _____.

Back 61

Liver
Kidney

Front 62

What is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as an essential coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions involved with carbohydrate metabolism?

Back 62

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Front 63

The major functions of riboflavin is that constituents of two flavin nucleotide coenzymes (_____ and _____) that function with some enzymes that catalyze _____ _____ reactions.

Back 63

FAD and FMN
Oxidation reduction

Front 64

In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin also works as an _____ by scavenging damaging particles in the body known as _____ _____.

Back 64

Antioxidants
Free radicals

Front 65

What are the two biologically active forms of riboflavin?

Back 65

FMN - flavin mononucleotide
FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Front 66

Fluoride is:
- excreted by the _____
- deposited in _____ tissues
- passes the _____ barrier slowly

Back 66

Kidney
calcified
placental

Front 67

_____stimulates the activity of approximately 100 enzymes.

Back 67

Zinc

Front 68

What mineral supports a healthy immune system, is needed for wound healing, helps maintain your sense of taste and smaell, and is needed for DNA synthesis?

Back 68

Zinc

Front 69

What mineral is a constituent of hemoglobin and enzymes involved in energy metabolism?

Back 69

Iron

Front 70

What constituent of thyroid hormones regulates metabolism?

Back 70

Iodine

Front 71

What mineral functions in bone and tooth formation, blood clotting nerve transmission, and muscle contraction?

Back 71

Calcium

Front 72

What mineral functions in bone and tooth formation, acid-base balance, release of energy (ADP, ATP)?

Back 72

Phosphorus

Front 73

What constituent of active tissue compounds, cartilage and tendon?

Back 73

Sulfur

Front 74

What mineral functions in acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function, muscle relaxation?

Back 74

Potassium

Front 75

What mineral functions in acid-base balance, body water balance, and nerve function?

Back 75

Sodium

Front 76

What mineral activates enzymes involved in protein synthesis?

Back 76

Magnesium

Front 77

What mineral is a constituent of vitamin B12?

Back 77

Cobalt

Front 78

What constituent of enzymes associated with iron metabolism and nerve function?

Back 78

Copper