Nbde Biochemistry/physiology Dna/rna

Front 1

What do HIV/AIDS patients have the unique ability to do with their DNA/RNA?

Back 1

Produce DNA from mRNA by way of reverse transcriptase

Front 2

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of _____, is a _____.

Back 2

AIDS
Retrovirus

Front 3

The drug _____ (a thymine analog) is a _____ _____ of the HIV reverse transcriptase. The wild-type reverse transcriptase seems to have a high affinity for the drug and other base analogs.

Back 3

AZT
Competitive Inhibitor

Front 4

Reverse transcriptase is one of the enzymes used in _____ _____, in which the enzyme can be used to obtain a copy of a particular gene from the relevant mRNA.

Back 4

Genetic engineering

Front 5

What are the protein-synthesizing machines of the cell, that translate information encoded in mRNA into a polypeptide?

Back 5

Ribosomes

Front 6

Small structures found floating free in the ctyoplasm that contain rRNA and protein

Back 6

Ribosomes

Front 7

At a ribosome, _____ _____ are linked together in the order specified by mRNA to form what?

Back 7

Polypeptide/Protein
Amino acids

Front 8

Ribosomes have _____ activity.

Back 8

Enzymatic

Front 9

The _____ ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in bacterial cells and chloroplasts

Back 9

70s

Front 10

The _____ ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Back 10

80s

Front 11

Proteins formed by ribosomes from where are destined for secretion, attachment to a plasma membrane, or formation of a lysosome?

Back 11

RER rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 12

Genetic recombination experiments depend heavily upon the action of which two enzymes?

Back 12

Restriction endonucleases
DNA ligases

Front 13

What is used to cleave both DNA to be cloned and a plasmid DNA?

Back 13

Nuclease

Front 14

The specificity of a nuclease is such that, when mixed, the DNA to be cloned and the plasmid DNA will _____ and can then be joined together by a _____ _____.

Back 14

Anneal
DNA Ligase

Front 15

Restriction enzymes are _____-_____ endonucleases.

Back 15

Site-specific

Front 16

What is a technique that is used to detect mutations in DNA and can also identify DNA restriction fragments. It combines the use of restriction enzymes and DNA probes?

Back 16

Southern Blotting

Front 17

Commercial products of recombinant DNA technology include _____ _____, _____, _____, and _____ _____ _____.

Back 17

Human insulin
Anticoagulants
Erythropoietin
Human Growth Hormone

Front 18

What was the first organism used for DNA cloning and still the most used?

Back 18

E coli

Front 19

Bacterial cloning vectors include what?

Back 19

Plasmids
Bacteriophages
Cosmids

Front 20

What are common enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology?

Back 20

DNA polymerase I
Reverse Transcriptase
Exonucleases

Front 21

Enzyme that fills the gaps in duplexes by step-wise addition of nucleotides to 3'-end

Back 21

DNA polymerase I

Front 22

Enzyme that makes a DNA copy of an RNA molecule

Back 22

Reverse transcriptase

Front 23

Enzyme which removes nucleotides from the 3'-ends of DNA strand.

Back 23

Exonucleases

Front 24

What are used to prime the DNA polymerase and later for replacing DNA?

Back 24

RNA intermediates

Front 25

What is the primary enzyme used for duplicating DNA within a cell?

Back 25

DNA polymerase

Front 26

How is a New DNA strand formed using DNA polymerase? What way?

Back 26

Read 3' - 5'
Formed 5' - 3'

Front 27

What are the fragments formed as the DNA is replicated on the lagging strand from 5' - 3'?
How long are these fragments?
What joins these fragments together?

Back 27

Okazaki fragments
1,000-5,000 base long segments
DNA ligase

Front 28

When can DNA polymerase add nucleotides?

Back 28

In the presence of a primer

Front 29

What provides the DNA primer?

Back 29

RNA polymerase

Front 30

What removes the RNA polymerase once replication has started?
How long is the RNA polymerase segments?
What fills the gap once the RNA polymerase is removed?

Back 30

Exonuclease
10-base segments
DNA polymerase

Front 31

What are responsible for unwinding supercoiled DNA to allow DNA polymerase access to replicate the genetic code?

Back 31

Topoisomerases

Front 32

What enzyme reforms the supercoiled DNA structure once the replication fork has passed?

Back 32

DNA gyrase

Front 33

What does the hydrolysis of DNA yield?

Back 33

Phosphoric Acid
Deoxyribose (sugar)
Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cysteine)

Front 34

What does the hydrolysis of RNA yield?

Back 34

Phosphoric acid
Ribose (sugar)
Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine)

Front 35

What are the sites at which DNA replication is occurring?

Back 35

Replication Forks

Front 36

What enzyme unwinds the helix?

Back 36

Helicases

Front 37

What is contained within a nucleoside?

Back 37

Nitrogen base and Sugar

Front 38

What is a single base-sugar-phosphate unit called?

Back 38

Nucleotide

Front 39

What is a nucleotide without a phosphate group?

Back 39

Nucleoside

Front 40

What stores and transmits information to synthesize the polypeptides and proteins present in the body's cells?

Back 40

Nucleic Acids

Front 41

What are the potential nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?

Back 41

Purines
Pyrimidines

Front 42

The catabolism of a nucleotide results in _____ energy production in the form of ATP.

Back 42

NO

Front 43

What nitrogenous bases are the same in both RNA and DNA molecules?

Back 43

The purines

Front 44

What are the Purine bases?

Back 44

(A and G) Adenosine and Guanine

Front 45

What are the pyrimidine bases in DNA?

Back 45

Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C)

Front 46

What are the pyrimidine bases in RNA?

Back 46

Uracil (U), and Cytosine (C)

Front 47

What will help you to remember the pyrimidines?

Back 47

CUT down the pyramids

Front 48

Purine bases that are consumed in the human diet in the form of DNA or RNA are mostly excreted as what?

Back 48

Uric acid

Front 49

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of uric acid from purine bases?

Back 49

Xanthine oxidase

Front 50

_____ acid is used by several of the enzymes in purine and pyrimidine synthesis and its metabolism has become a prime target for a number of _____, such as methotrexate, used in cancer chemotherapy.

Back 50

Tetrahydrofolic acid (TFA)
Antimetabolites

Front 51

What produces pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which then interferes with replication and transcription?

Back 51

Ultraviolet light

Front 52

How are the lesions made by UV light removed?
What fills the gap?
What seals the seams after fill?

Back 52

Exonuclease (12 Base pair fragment)
DNA polymerase I
DNA ligase

Front 53

How many different triplet codons are there?
How many amino acids are there?

Back 53

64
20

Front 54

The fact that some amino acids are coded for by multiple codons is known as what?

Back 54

Redundancy

Front 55

In redundancy what position of the codon is available for change and still provides the same amino acid?
What is this called?
What does this property protect against?

Back 55

The 3'-end
Wobble position
Some mutation

Front 56

What amino acids are coded for by just one codon?

Back 56

Tryptophan
Methionine
Selenocysteine

Front 57

What are synonyms in amino acid coding?

Back 57

Describes a codon that specifys multiple amino acids.

Front 58

What signals the beginning of polypeptide chains and codes for methionine?
What does this mean about all proteins?

Back 58

Initiation codon (AUG)
All proteins begin with methionine

Front 59

What are the codons that signal the end of polypeptide chain synthesis. Also referred to as _____ codons or _____ codons?

Back 59

Termination codons
stop
nonsense

(UAA, UAG, UGA)

Front 60

A specofoc sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA, complementary to a codon for an amino acid messenger RNA.

Back 60

Anticodon

Front 61

What is the complement to Adenine?

Back 61

Thymine

Front 62

What is the complement to Guanine?

Back 62

Cytosine

Front 63

How many hydrogen bonds are in an A-T base pair?
How many hydrogen bonds are there in a G-C base pair?

Back 63

2
3

Front 64

How did Watson and Crick deduce the specificity of base pairs?

Back 64

Stearic and Hydrogen bonding factors

Front 65

What are the two sets of forces that hold the DNA double helix together?

Back 65

Hydrogen bonding
Base-stacking interactions

Front 66

What area of the DNA molecule is where proteins that control transcriptional activity of the DNA molecule bind?

Back 66

Major Groove

Front 67

What nitrogenous base is substituted for thymine in an RNA strand?

Back 67

Uracil

Front 68

The A-T base pair promotes _____ _____ in DNA but _____ _____ do so in RNA.

Back 68

Helix Stabilization
DOES NOT

Front 69

What are the larger of the two types of bases found in DNA?

Back 69

Purine

Front 70

The number of _____ residues equals the number of _____ residues in DNA

Back 70

Purine = Pyrimidine

Front 71

The _____ _____ of the double helix is a function of the base composition and is higher with more _____ content, and increased stability of the helix.

Back 71

Melting Temperature
G-C

Front 72

Is DNA hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Back 72

Hydrophilic

Front 73

What links the backbone of DNA?
What about RNA?

Back 73

Deoxyriboses linked by phosphodiester bonds

Same bonds just linking Ribose

Front 74

What links the 5'-OH group to the 3'-OH group in a DNA backbone?

Back 74

Condensation reaction

Front 75

Which way does a double helix in DNA wind?

Back 75

Right handed spiral

Front 76

When used as an analogy of a staircase, in DNA what represents the railing?
What represents the stairs?

Back 76

Sugar phosphate backbone
individual nucleotides stacked on each other

Front 77

The backbones of both DNA and RNA are both _____ and highly _____.

Back 77

Hydrophilic
Polar

Front 78

The _____ groups of the sugar residues in DNA form _____ bonds with water.

Back 78

Hydroxyl groups
Hydrogen

Front 79

Where does the ribose phosphate portion of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides come from?

Back 79

5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)

Front 80

What is PRPP (5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate) primarily formed from?

Back 80

ATP and ribose 5-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway.

Front 81

Which type of material comprises most of the RNA in the cell?

Back 81

Ribosomal RNA
Then transfer RNA
Then mRNA

Front 82

Molecules that carry information from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where polypeptides and proteins are synthesized.

Back 82

Messenger RNA

Front 83

What is the template for protein synthesis and contains the codon?

Back 83

mRNA

Front 84

Molecules that carry the amino acids to ribosomes, where the amino acids are linked together in the order specified by mRNA to form particular polypeptides and proteins.

Back 84

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 85

What is a group of ligases (enzyme) that ensures that the correct amino acid is attached to the tRNA with correct anticodon to be used during protein synthesis.

Back 85

Amino acyl-tRNA synthetase

Front 86

Molecules which are the major component of ribosomes, which are the physical and chemical structures on which protein molecules are actually assembled.

Back 86

Ribosomal RNA

Front 87

The process in which DNA serves as a template for the assembly of molecules of RNA (all three types).

Back 87

Transcription

Front 88

What enzyme is utilized in transcription?

Back 88

RNA polymerase