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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_____, sometimes called vasogenic shock, results from the disruption of autonomic nervous system control over vasoconstriction.
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Neurogenic
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The collapse of the cardiovascular system, characterized by circulatory deficiency and the depression of vital functions
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Shock
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Shock caused by loss of blood and other body fluids.
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Hypovolemic shock
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Shock caused by failure of the nervous system to control the diameter of blood vessels
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Neurogenic Shock
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Shock caused by heart failing to pump blood adequately to all vital parts of the body.
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Cardiogenic Shock
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Shock caused by the presence of severe infection.
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Septic Shock
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Shock caused by a life-threatening reaction of the body to a substance to which a patient is extremely allergic.
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Anaphylactic shock
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Shock is the _____ _____ of tissue.
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Inadequate Perfusion
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What are the three stages of shock?
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Compensated
Progressive Irreversible |
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Compensatory mechanisms (activation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased cardiac output, and increased total peripheral resistance) maintain perfusion to vital organs.
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Compensatory shock
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Decreased perfusion of the heart leads to cardiac depression and decreased cardiac output.
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Progressive shock
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Depletion of high-energy phosphate reserves. Death occurs even if treatment can restore blood flow.
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Irreversible shock
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Group of inherited disorders in which harmful amounts of fatty materials called lipids accumulate in some of the body's cells and tissues.
What is this also called? |
Lipid storage diseases
Lipidoses |
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People with lipidoses either _____ _____ _____ enough of one of the enzymes needed to metabolize lipids, or the individuals produce enzymes that _____ _____ ____ properly.
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Do not produce
Do not work |
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What is the most common of the lipid storage diseases?
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Gaucher disease
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Disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.
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Gaucher disease
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Where can fatty deposits develop in Gaucher's disease?
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Spleen
Liver Kidney Lungs Brain Bone Marrow |
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In whom is Gaucher's disease most frequent?
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Ashkenazi (central-eastern Europe) or Jewish ancestry
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What disease is actually a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by an accumulation of fat and cholesterol in cells of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and, in some cases the brain.
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Neimann-Pick Disease
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What disease results from a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase, which results in an accumulation of sphingomyelin.
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Neimann-Pick Disease
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In whom is Neimann-Pick disease most common?
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Ashkenazi ancestry
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A rare inherited disorder that causes progressive destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (the CNS).
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Tay-Sachs disease
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What disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A which results in the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides, especially in neurons?
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Tay-Sachs disease
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What disease is characterized by CNS degeneration with severe mental motor dterioration and death usually occurs by age 5?
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Tay-Sachs disease
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An autosomal recessive disorder cuased by deficiency of the enzyme galactosylceramidase.
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Krabbe disease
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Disease that is also known as alpha-galactosidase-A deficiency, and causes a buildup of fatty material in the autonomic nervous system, eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system.
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Fabry disease
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What is the leading manifestation of liver disease?
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Jaundice
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Disease that can occur at any age and in either sex, and is a symptom of many disorders: liver disease, gallstones, pancreatic cancer, and acute biliary obstruction.
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Jaundice
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What is the normal plasma concentration for bilirubin?
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0.5 mg per 100 ml of plasma
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What are the things which cause hyperbilirubinemia?
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Increased bilirubin production
Decreased uptake into the liver cells Impaired conjugation Interference with the secretion of conjugated bilirubin |
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What results in production of bilirubin, and here more bilirubin is conjugated and excreted than normally, but the conjugation mechanism is overwhelmed, and an abnormally large amount of unconjugated bilirubin is found in the blood.
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Hemolytic Anemia
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Disease caused by an inability of the hepatocytes to take up bilirubin from the blood and as a result unconjugated bilirubin accumulates.
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Gilbert's disease
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What disease is found in which conjugation is impaired and unconjugated bilirubin is retained by the body?
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Physiological jaundice and Crigler-Najjar syndrome
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Disease associated with the inability of the hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin after it has been formed, so conjugated bilirubin returns to the blood.
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Dubin-Johnson syndrome
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What disease has biliary caliculi causing backup and reabsorption of conjugated bilirubin. Blood levels of conjugated bilirubin increases.
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Biliary obstruction
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Excessive production of what hormone leads to hyperhtyroidism?
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Thyroxine
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What is the primary role of thyroxine?
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Stimulate Cellular Metabolism
Growth Differentiation of all tissues |
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What does high levels of thyroxine lead to generally?
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high basal metabolism
fatigue weight loss excitability elevated temp. generalized osteoporosis |
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What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?
What are its other main symptoms? |
Graves' disease
Goiter Myxedema Exophthalmos Clubbing |
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What is an enlarged painless soft thyroid gland?
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Goiter
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What is lumpy, reddish, thick skin on the front of the shins and sometimes on top of the feet?
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Myxedema
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What is characterized as fingers with wide tips?
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Clubbing
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What is bulging eyes?
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Exophthalmos
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What are common findings orally from hyperparathyroidism when diagnosed early in life?
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Premature eruption of teeth
Loss of deciduous dentition |
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What disease is a life-threatening condition caused by partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function (insufficient glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids)?
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Addison's disease
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More than _____ of the adrenal cortex in Addison's disease must be destroyed before obvious symptoms occur.
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90%
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In _____ of people with Addison's disease, the cause is not precisely known, but the adrenal glands are affected by an _____ _____ in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the _____ _____.
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70%
Autoimmune reaction Adrenal cortex |
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What happens to the adrenal glands in the lower 30% of cases in addison's disease?
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Destroyed by cancer, TB infection, or other disease
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Cortisols most important job is to help the body respond to _____.
Also helps to maintain _____ pressure and _____ function, slows the immune system's _____ _____, helps balance the effects of _____ to obtain sugar, regulates the metabolism of _____, _____, _____, and helps to maintain proper _____ and a sense of well-being. |
Stress
Blood, Cardiovascular Inflammatory response Insulin Proteins, carbohydrates, fats Arousal |
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What are two similar symptoms of Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?
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Increased urination and thirst
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What is sometimes called water diabetes?
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Diabetes insipidus
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What disorder is characterized by an abnormal increase in urine output due to a failure to either produce ADH or fro the kidney to respond to ADH.? It is almost pure water loss with maintenance of normal sodium balance.
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Diabetes insipidus
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Destruction of what anatomic sites will result in the development of diabetes insipidus?
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Posterior pituitary gland
Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus |
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What symptoms do newborns with phenylketonuria present?
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No symptoms
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What is produced by hydroxylation of the essential amino acid phenylalanine?
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Tyrosine
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In phenylketonuria, tyrosine _____ be synthesized in adequate amounts and is required in the _____.
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Cannot
Diet |
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What enzyme is deficient in phenylketonuria?
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Phenylalanine hydroxylase
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What enzyme is deficient in Maple syrup urine disease?
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Alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase
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What enzyme is deficient in Alcaptonuria?
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Homogentisic acid oxidase
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What enzyme is deficient in Cystinuria?
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Intestinal and kidney transport protein of cystine
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What is the deficient enzyme in albinism?
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Tyrosinase
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What disease is characterized by the appearance of phenylalanine and its degradation products in the urine?
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Phenylketonuria
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What disease is characterized by branched amino acids and are excreted in the urine?
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Maple Syrup urine disease
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What disease is characterized by oxidized products of homogentistic acid and gives urine a dark color?
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Alcaptonuria
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What disease is characterized by kidney stones?
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Cystinuria
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What disease is characterized by a defect of melanin production that results in partial or full absence of pigmentation?
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Albinism
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