Nbde Biochemistry/physiology Circ S

Front 1

Transport oxygenated blood under _____ pressure away from the heart to tissues of the body. These have strong muscular walls to withstand _____ pressure and _____ compliance.

Back 1

Systemic arteries
High
High
Low

Front 2

What are the only arteries that contain unoxygenated blood?

Back 2

Pulmonary and umbilical arteries

Front 3

Function as conduits for transport of unoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. These have larger lumens and thinner walls and accompany a _____ compliance, and act as volume reservoirs.

Back 3

Systemic Veins

Front 4

What do systemic veins contain that allows blood to flow toward the heart but not away from it?

Back 4

Valves

Front 5

What are the only veins that contain oxygenated blood?

Back 5

Pulmonary veins

Front 6

Where the exchange of fluids, nutrients, and metabolic waste products occurs between the blood and the interstitial spaces. Contains very thin walls and a single layer of _____ cells surrounded by thin basal lamina of the _____ _____.

Back 6

Capillaries
Endothelial
tunica intima

Front 7

The amount of blood that flows through the capillaries per minute is equal to what?

Back 7

The amount of blood that flows through the aorta per minute.

Front 8

Regulate the flow of blood into capillaries, Blood flow is regulated to meet tissue metabolic needs.

Back 8

Arterioles

Front 9

Very small and collect blood from the capillaries; these gradually coalesce into progressively larger veins.

Back 9

Venules

Front 10

What are the variations of diameter of arterioles?

Back 10

30-400 microns

Front 11

What size is considered to be an arteriole?

Back 11

Any artery smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter.

Front 12

Arterioles have a small lumen and a relatively thick _____ _____ that is composed almost entirely of _____ muscle, with very little _____ tissue.

Back 12

tunica media
smooth
elastic

Front 13

What does an arteriole intima layer consist of?

Back 13

Endothelial cells
Basement membrane
Fine elastic lamina

Front 14

Arterioles are the _____ _____ vessels and determine the distribution of _____ _____.

Back 14

Primary resistance
Cardiac output

Front 15

What is arteriolar resistance regulated by?

Back 15

ANS

Front 16

What kind of receptors are found on the arterioles of the skin and splanchnic circulations?

Back 16

Alpha 1-adrenergic

Front 17

What kind of receptors are found on arterioles of skeletal muscles?

Back 17

Beta 2-adrenergic

Front 18

What is local blood flow regulated by?

Back 18

Tissue metabolism

Front 19

_____ _____ results in an overall vasoconstriction of arterioles and an increase in TPR

Back 19

Sympathetic activation

Front 20

What does TPR stand for?
An increase in arteriolar resistance causes a/an _____ to TPR.

Back 20

Total peripheral resistance
Increase

Front 21

What is the pump for the pulmonary circuit?

Back 21

Rt. ventricle

Front 22

What is the pump for the systemic circuit?

Back 22

Lt. ventricle

Front 23

The vessels of what circuit supply only the alveoli?

Back 23

Pulmonary circuit

Front 24

The vessels of what circuit transport blood to all tissues of the body except the alveoli?

Back 24

Systemic circuit

Front 25

What is the volume of blood flow per minute of systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation?

Back 25

5 L/min. for both

Front 26

What is mean arterial blood pressure?

Back 26

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Front 27

What is vascular compliance?

Back 27

Rate of change of the vascular volume / change in pressure

Front 28

Blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit is much _____ than that of the systemic circulation.
Why?

Back 28

Lower
Pulmonary arterioles are usually dilated and have little resistance to blood flow.

Front 29

What does the high compliance in pulmonary vessels allow?

Back 29

Storage of blood volume without changing blood pressure

Front 30

Although veins have _____ compliance normally, when under high pressure, compliance _____, and so the vein acts very similar to an artery when put in these conditions.

Back 30

Higher
Decreases

Front 31

What regulates the flow of blood from the systemic arterial circulation into venous circulation.

Back 31

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Front 32

What regulates the flow of blood from the veins back into the arterial side?

Back 32

Cardiac Output

Front 33

The amount of blood located in the systemic veins is regulated by what?

Back 33

Compliance

Front 34

_____ _____ decreases venous compliance and returns more blood back to the heart, increasing cardiac output and blood pressure, thus causing more blood to be pushed through the arterial circulation.

Back 34

Sympathetic activation

Front 35

The ability of a vessel to distend with increasing transmural pressure is quantified as what?

Back 35

Vessel Compliance
Change in volume (DV) / Change in pressure (DP)

Front 36

Compliance decreases at _____ pressures and volumes.

Back 36

Higher

Front 37

At lower pressures, the compliance of a vein is about _____ _____ than that of an artery?

Back 37

10-20x greater

Front 38

_____ can accommodate large changes in blood volume with only a small change in pressure.

Back 38

Veins

Front 39

What are the relative volumes of blood at rest in the different parts of the adult cardiovascular system?

Back 39

66% - Systemic veins, venules
11% - Systemic arteries, arterioles
12% - Pulmonary loop
6% - In heart
5% - In capillaries

Front 40

Where does most pressure drop in the systemic circulation?
Why?

Back 40

Arterioles
Many more capillaries arranged in parallel

Front 41

Pressure _____ as blood moves through the systemic circulation. This pressure gradient is required for _____ _____.

Back 41

Decreases
Blood flow

Front 42

Blood flow = ? / ?

Back 42

Pressure gradient / Resistance

Front 43

What is the resistance to the flow of blood offered by the entire systemic circulation called?

Back 43

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Front 44

What is target systolic blood pressure?
What is recommended diastolic blood pressure?
As blood enters arterioles how low can diastolic pressure drop?

Back 44

120 mmHg
80 mmHg
30 mmHg

Front 45

What is Pulse pressure?

Back 45

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Front 46

what is the most important determinant of pulse pressure?

Back 46

Stroke volume

Front 47

Where is circulation pressure highest?
Lowest?

Back 47

Aorta
Venae cavae

Front 48

What is the mean pressure in the vessels of circulation?

Back 48

Aorta - 100 mmHg
End of arterioles - 30 mmHg
Vena cava - 4 mmHg

Front 49

The pressure of the blood within the capillaries.

Back 49

Capillary pressure

Front 50

What determines capillary pressure?

Back 50

Venous pressure and arterial pressure

Front 51

Where does capillary pressure tend to force fluid?
How?

Back 51

Out of Capillaries into tissue spaces
Filtration through capillaries

Front 52

What tends to draw water out of the capillaries by osmosis?

Back 52

Colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid

Front 53

The pressure of the interstitial fluid, that opposes the _____ pressure.

Back 53

Interstitial fluid pressure
Capillary pressure

Front 54

Where does the interstitial pressure tend to force fluid?

Back 54

Out of tissue spaces into capillaries

Front 55

What opposes colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid?
Where does it force fluid?

Back 55

Colliod osmotic pressure of the plasma (oncotic pressure)
Draws water into capillaries by osmosis

Front 56

What reduces edema formation?

Back 56

Lymphatic drainage of interstitial space

Front 57

When the _____ _____ weakens, fluid builds up in the peripheral tissues, leading to edema and liver engorgement.

Back 57

Right Ventricle

Front 58

What are the two groups of stretch receptors in the baroreceptor regulatory system?

Back 58

1. In carotid sinuses near bifurcations of common carotid arteries
2. In arch of aorta

Front 59

The baroreceptor regulatory system detects changes in blood pressure and feeds the information back to the _____ _____ center and the _____ center in the medulla.

Back 59

Cardiac Control
Vasomotor

Front 60

If pressure is too high the baroreceptor regulatory system uses what to lower it back down?

Back 60

Parasympathetic impulses

Front 61

If pressure is too low the baroreceptor regulatory system uses what to lower it back down?

Back 61

Sympathetic system

Front 62

What stimulates the stretch receptors in the carotid sinus?
What does it do?

Back 62

Elevated blood pressure
Activation of parasympathetics
Inhibition of Sympathetics

Front 63

_____ in the carotid and aortic bodies, as well as _____ neurons in the vasomotor center of the medulla itself, detect _____ in carbon dioxide, _____ in blood oxygen, and _____ in pH (which is really an increase in _____ _____ concentration)

Back 63

Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptive
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Hydrogen Ion

Front 64

Stretch receptors in the atria and pulmonary circulations are stimulated by an expansion of _____ _____. They _____ _____ directly respond to changes in systemic arterial blood pressure.

Back 64

Blood volume
DO NOT

Front 65

What vessel has the largest pressure?

Back 65

Arteries

Front 66

What vessel has the largest resistance?

Back 66

Arterioles

Front 67

What vessel has the largest cross-sectional area?

Back 67

Capillaries

Front 68

What vessel has the largest blood volume?

Back 68

Veins

Front 69

What are the layers of vessels from superficial to deep?

Back 69

Tunica adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica Intima

Front 70

What vessels allow constriction and dilation of vessels; thicker than in veins; muscle is innervated by the Autonomic fibers?

Back 70

Arteries
Veins
(Tunica Media)

Front 71

What layer of the vessel provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury; is thicker in veins?

Back 71

Tunica adventitia (fibrous connective tissue)