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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal range for hemoglobin is different between the sexes and is approx. _____ for men and _____ for women.
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13-18 g/deciliter
12-16 g/deciliter |
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What is a quaternary protein consisting of four tertiary (folded) polypeptide chains, each containing an associated iro-containing heme group?
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Hemoglobin
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What are the four polypeptide chains in a hemogolbin?
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2 Alpha chains
2 Beta chains |
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Where does oxygen bind on a hemoglobin?
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The heme group
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Where does carbon dioxide bind on a hemoglobin?
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Amine groups of amino acids in polypeptide chain
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How many hemoglobins reside within a Erythrocyte?
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300 million
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What is the maximum binding capacity for oxygen on a single hemoglobin molecule?
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8 oxygen
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What is the normal blood value of hemoglobin?
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14-20 g/deciliter
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What does the Hgb value depend on?
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# of RBC's
Amount of Hgb in each RBC |
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Where is a low Hgb value found?
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Anemia
Hyperthyroidism Cirrhosis of the liver |
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What does a high Hgb value indicate?
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Polycethemia
COPD Congestive Heart Failure |
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Blood leaving the lungs is _____ saturated with oxygen. However, the hemoglobin of normal venous blood returning to the lungs is only _____ saturated.
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98%
75% |
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What is hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs?
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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What is the percentage of carbon dioxide carried by hemoglobin?
How is the rest transported? |
30%
Bicarbonate or Carbon Dioxide |
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_____ is a major type of protein present in human blood plasma. It represents an important _____ reserve for the body and, more importantly, plays a crucial role in maintaining the blood's _____ pressure, which tends to draw water _____ the capillaries.
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Albumin
Amino Acid Colloid osmotic Out of |
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What is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals?
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Albumin
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How does Albumin act as a plasma carrier?
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Specifically binds hydrophobic steroid hormones
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How does Albumin act as a transport protein?
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Carriers Hemin and Fatty acids
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What is the normal blood level of Albumin?
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3.5-5.0 g/100ml
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When is albumin decreased?
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Malnutrition
Liver failure Pregnancy |
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What is another name for Colloid osmotic pressure in the plasma?
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Oncotic pressure
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Besides Oncotic pressure what are the other forces that regulate the movement of fluid across capillary membranes?
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Hydrolic pressure inside the capillary
Fluid pressure in interstitial fluid |
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What is the organ chiefly responsible for the regulation of the osmotic pressure in the body fluids by regulating the reabsorption of water in response to ADH or vasopressin?
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Kidney
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With the exception of _____, almost all plasma proteins are glycoproteins.
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Albumin
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What is Albumina transporter for?
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Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine Fatty Acids Bilirubin Bile Acids Steroid hormones pharmaceuticals Inorganic Ions |
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Human blood constitutes about _____ of the body's weight
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8%
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What does blood consist of?
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Cells and Cell fragments in an aqueous medium
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What percentage of blood is made up of hematocrit?
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45%
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Blood maintains _____ and plays a decisive role in defending the body against _____.
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Homeostasis
Pathogens |
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The clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood obtained after removal of the fibrin clot and blood cells. It consists of plasma and fibrinogen.
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Serum
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What is the fluid portion of blood and contains no cells?
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Plasma
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What percentage does plasma make up in the blood?
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55%
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What is the breakdown of plasma?
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Proteins - 7%
Water - 91% Other solutes - 2% |
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What are the proteins found in plasma?
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Albumins
Globulins Fibrinogen |
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What constitutes the other solutes found in plasma?
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Metabolic end products
Food materials Respiratory gases Hormones Ions |
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The function of these is to agglutinate and plug small ruptured vessels.
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Platelets
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What is the principle hormone for calcium-level regulation?
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Parathyroid hormone
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How much calcium does the human body contain?
Where is this primarily located? |
1-1.5 Kg
Bone |
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What is the variation of normal plasma concentration of calcium?
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8.5 mg% - 10.5 mg%
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What increases bone resorption and reabsorption of calcium in the kidney tubules?
What does this do? |
Parathyroid Hormone
Increases plasma calcium levels |
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What vitamin regulates the uptake of calcium in the GI tract?
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VitaminD3
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What does low serum calcium levels result in?
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Hyperirritability of nerves and muscles
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What will patients with hyperparathyroidism be subject too?
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Increased renal calcium excretion
Increased likelihood of bone fracture |
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What increases calcium blood levels?
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Hypervitaminosis D
Hyperparathyroidism Bone cancer Bone diseases |
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Calcium blood levels are _____ in severe diarrhea, in hypoparathyroidism, and in avitaminosis D (rickets and osteomalacia)
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Decreased
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Besides calcium what does the parathyroid hormone regulate?
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Plasma phosphorus concentration
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What is plasma glucose concentration regulated by?
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Insulin (lowers)
Glucagon (raises) |
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What is the normal phosphorus concentration?
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4 mg%
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What is the normal plasma glucose concentration?
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100 mg%
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What is the normal glucose clearance in the kidney?
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0 mg/min.
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The general term for reactions that prevent or minimize loss of blood from the vessels if they are injured or ruptured is...
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Hemostasis
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What are the three processes that the circulatory system undergoes to guard against blood loss?
What do these lead to? |
1.Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet aggregation 3. Coagulation Leads to clotting |
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The production of _____ from _____ during the clotting process requires a _____ activator, which is formed either by way of an _____ _____ or by way of an _____ _____.
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Thrombin
Prothrombin Prothrombin Extrinsic Pathway Intrinsic Pathway |
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What acts enzymatically to catalyze the formation of thrombin from prothrombin?
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Prothrombin activator
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What acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen into fibrin threads that enmesh red blood cells and platelets to form the clot itself?
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Thrombin
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Which pathways are activated when blood vessels are ruptured and tissues are damaged?
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Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
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What is the reason for a lack of clotting formation when a patient has cirrhosis of the liver?
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Deficient prothrombin and fibrinogen levels
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Tendency towards equilibrium between different but interdependent elements of an organism.
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Homeostasis
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The process of producing red blood cells.
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Erythropoiesis
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What is the liquid separating from a gel due to further solidification or coagulation?
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Synersis
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Iron, the most important mineral in the formation of hemoglobin, is resorbed mainly in the _____ and is only resorbed as _____.
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Upper small intestine (Duodenum)
Fe2+ (Ferrous, Bivalent) |
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What is the most quantitatively important trace element in the body?
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Iron
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How much iron does the body contain?
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4-5 g (mostly bound form)
75% Heme 15-25% Stored in liver, spleen, marrow |
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Where are heme proteins found?
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Hemoglobin
Myoglobin |
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What form is iron found while stored in the liver, spleen and marrow?
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Ferritin
Hemosiderin |
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In the duodenum Iron immediately combines in the blood plasma with a _____ globulin _____, to form _____, which is then transported in the plasma.
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Beta
apotransferrin transferrin |
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Where is excess iron stored?
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Liver (60% of excess)
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Since Iron can only be taken up in its Bivalent form (Fe2+), what is required to promote iron uptake?
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Reducing agents
Ascorbate (vitamin C) |
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What is the dominant factor controlling absorption of iron in the GI tract?
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Saturation of mucosal cells with iron
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An iron storage disease that results in the deposition of iron-containing pigments in the peripheral tissues with characteristic bronzing of the skin, diabetes, and weakness.
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Hemochromatosis
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What is the product of Heme degradation?
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Bilirubin
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What is type O blood referred to as?
Why? |
Universal Donor
Do not produce ABO antigens so no rejection |
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What is type AB blood referred to as?
Why? |
Universal receivers
Do not produce ABO antibodies so accept everything |
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What are primarily responsible for the ABO types?
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2 Antigens
2 Antibodies |
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What is the permutation of type A Blood?
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Antigen A, Anti-B antibody
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What is the permutation of type B Blood?
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Antigen B, Anti-A antibody
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What is the permutation of type O Blood?
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Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
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What is the permutation of type AB Blood?
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Antigen A and B
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What is the weight percentage of hemoglobin in RBC's?
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33%
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The combination of hemoglobin and oxygen is reversible. What depends on the binding or releasing of oxygen?
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Oxygen Partial Pressure (Po2)
High, > Affinity Low, < Affinity |
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The partial pressure of O2 (ppO2) is a factor in determining the amount of O2 bound to Hb; however there is _____ _____ proportionality to the ppO2.
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No Direct
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What influences supercedes the ppO2's influence on determining the amount of O2 bound to Hb?
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ppCo2 - increase
pH - decrease temp. - increases DPG levels - increase |
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What does DPG stand for?
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Diphosphoglycerate
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The normal fetal globin portion of Hb consists what chains?
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2 Alpha
2 Gamma |
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What is a nitrogen containing organic pigment molecule that has a single atome of iron in a reduced statein its center, which can combine with one molecule of oxygen?
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Heme molecule
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Hemoglobin combines reversibly with _____ _____ at the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule.
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Carbon Dioxide
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How does carbon monoxide decrease the amount of oxygen that can be transported by hemoglobin?
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Competing with oxygen at the hemoglobin binding site
CO (> affinity) O2 |
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How much higher is the affinity of Carbon monoxide over oxygen?
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240x greater
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What contains iron in the ferric state (Fe3+) and cannot function as an oxygen carrier?
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Methemoglobin
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Which form of hemoglobin is considered to be normal?
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Hemoglobin A
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Abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine has replaced glutamic acid, causing reduced plasticity of the red blood cells.
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Hemoglobin C
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An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains; it is usually associated with a defect in three of the four alpha chain genes resulting in alpha-thalassemia.
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Hemoglobin H
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An abnormal hemoglobin in which valine has replaced glutamic acid in the beta chain.
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Hemoglobin S
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What does the presence of an S hemoglobin cause the red blood cells to do?
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Form a sickle shape in decreased amounts of O2
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What deficiencies are caused by S hemoglobin?
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Circulation blockage
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity Decreased cell life span |
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What is the predominate form of hemoglobin in Sickle cell anemia?
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S
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A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which a single amino acid substitution favors the formation of methemoglobin and is thus associated with methemoglobinemia
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Hemoglobin M
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Erythropoietin is produced by _____, and has its primary action on the _____.
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Kidney
Bone Marrow |
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A glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
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Erythropoietin
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What is the production of erythropoietin and thus erythrocytes regulated by?
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Negative feedback associated with oxygen delivery to tissues (esp. kidneys)
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What is the site of action of action involved with the hormone associated with erythropoiesis?
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Hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell)
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What leads to anemia, increased cardiac output, and hypoxia?
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Inadequate erythropoiesis
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What can lead to polycythemia, an increase in blood viscosity, and sluggish blood flow?
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Excessive Erythropoiesis
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Anemic individuals have _____ oxygen tension but _____ oxygen content in their systemic arterial blood.
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Normal
Reduced |
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Erythrocytes are _____ disks, _____ in diameter, lack _____ and _____ and contain _____.
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Biconcave
7.5 microns Nucleii Mitochondria Hemoglobin |
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What are located on the membranes of Erythrocytes?
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Lipoproteins
Specific blood groups (A,B,O) |
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What is the proportion of erythrocytes in a sample of blood?
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Hematocrit
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What is the life span of erythrocytes?
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105-120 days
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What is a good indication of the amount of erythrocyte destruction per day?
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Amount of bile pigments excreted by the liver
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