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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who created the Goal Setting Theory |
Locke and Lathem |
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Give prior history of the GST |
Ryan premise that conscious goal affects actions goal difficulty and performance was thought to be on an curvilinear scale; easy and difficult goals were least effort and moderate goals most effort |
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What is the hypothesis of Goal Setting Theory? |
hypothesis is; specific and difficult goals yield better performance than compared to vague goal goal difficulty is positive linear outcome |
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Name 2 characteristics of Goal Setting Theory |
1- 3 moderators; task complexity, feedback and committment 2- goal mediators; persistance, energy, drive |
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Name similar theory to Goal Setting Theory |
Banduras social cognitive theory; high set goals, higher efficacy people and more commitment and search for resources |
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Name an Opposing theory to Goal Setting Theory |
Valence-Instrumentality-Expenctancy Theory; expectancy believed to be linear and higher when goal is easier |
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Give data supporting Goal Setting Theory |
Locke and Latham- specific and difficult goals better results than urging to do best specificity makes it easier to understand what is wanted and necessary |
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Application of Evaluation for Goal Setting Theory |
can be used in clinical settings, to help patients with health behaviours goal conflict between personal and organizational goals can have decreased effect on GST |
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Who created the Mechanism for Unconscious Goal Pursuit? |
Custers and AAart |
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What is prior history of Mechanism for Unconscious Goal Pursuit? |
Libet said unconscious state of action readiness occurred before the conscious state of reported desire to act |
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What is the hypothesis of Mechanism for Unconscious Goal Pursuit? |
goal cannot only be pursued unconsciously, but can also be activated and selected unconsciously |
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Give 2 characteristics of Mechanism for Unconscious Goal Pursuit |
1- priming of a goal prepares and programs actions unconsciously 2- optimized goal pursuit is determined by goal value |
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What is a similar theory to Mechanism of Unconscious Goal Pursuit? |
Dijkerhuis and Aart; believe goals can be activated and pursued unconsciously, suggests mental representation can be activated by environment |
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What is an opposing theory to Mechanism of Unconscious Goal Pursuit? |
Human Rewards Processing; suggest initial, unconscious goal pursuit is limited, suggesting it only facilitates goal pursuit by adding in reward values and restricted to rudimenary brain areas |
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Give data supporting Mechanism for Unconscious Goal Pursuit |
Bargh et al; unconsciously primed kids with high achievement words and they performed better and had more motivation |
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Application of Evaluation for Mechanism for Unconscious Goal Pursuit |
main feature are clearly stated and falsifiable |
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Who created the Variety Effect? |
Remick |
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What prior history of the variety effect? |
Raynor and Epstein; said variety can produce weight gain, impede weight loss and SSS was founded as moderated |
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What is the hypothesis of the Variety Effect? |
promotes intake of food, SSS mediates and for evolutionary purposes to eat nutrients and avoid toxic foods |
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Give 2 characteristics of Variety Effect |
1- moderated by age as internal factor 2- moderated by food properties and sensory properties as external moderators |
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Give a similar theory to Variety Effect |
Brown; SSS and habituation can be applied to sex, coolidge effect in rats |
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Give an opposing theory to Variety Effect |
unknown |
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Give data supporting the Variety Effect |
Brondel; conidments attenuate and delated SSS Reichelt; rats on cafe diet were impaired in Pavlovian responding in accordance to incentive value |
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Application of Evaluation for Variety Effect |
can be applied to sex, top-down process and can enact habituation and be used to regulate excessive intake |
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What is prior history to the Apathy and BG circuits? |
patients with auto-activation deficit have difficulties in self-initiating actions or thoughts but can give extternally driven responses |
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What is the hypothesis about Apathy and BG? |
Apathy- related to goal-directed behaviour in PFC and BG lesions |
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Give 2 characteristics of Apathy/BG theory |
1- 3 subtypes of disrupted processing; emotional-affective, cognitive and auto-activation 2- can be explained by impact of lesions in BG due to loss of amplification of relevant signal or loss of temporal and spatial focalization |
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What is a similat theory to Apathy/BG theory? |
Segregation model; BG- selecting actions generated by frontal love |
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What is an opposing theory to Apathy/BG theory? |
Marin; lack of motivation rather than quantitative reducton in behaviours, so psychological rather than behavioural |
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Give data supporting Apathy/BG theory |
monkey lesions- similar deficits in PFC and BG, but clinical analyses show functional differences favouring each brain structure |
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Application of Evaluation of Apathy/bg theory |
collected data in apathy studies can help to clarify functions in BG apathy as quantitative reduction makes it objectively measurable |
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Who created the Impulsivity risk factor for behaviour theory? |
Papachristou |
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What is the hypothesis of the impuslivity risk factor for behaviour theory? |
decreased response inhibition combined with reward sensitivity will elicit more behaviour |
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What is prior history of the impulsivity risk factor for behaviour theory? |
Dawes; two factor model of impulsivity, reward sensitivity and rash spontaneous sensation seeking temperament |
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Give 2 characteristics of impulsivity risk factor for behaviour theory |
1- implications of the mesolimibic system and pleasure pathway, VTA and NA 2- both impulsivity and sensitivity to a cue are necessary fro behaviour |
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What is a similar theory to impulsivity risk factor for behaviour theory? |
Bari; slow form-acting despite considering consequences fast form- acting without considering consequences |
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What is an opposing theory to impuslivity risk factor for behaviour theory? |
unsure |
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Undermining data for impulsivity risk factor for behaviour theory |
used college student may not be generalizable |
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Application for Evaluation of impulsivity risk factor for behaviour theory |
understanding can help contribute to treatment of substance abuse disorders |
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what is prior history to facial feedback hypothesis? |
darwin suggested a persons emotional experience can be either strengthened or weakened by facial muscle activation |
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What is the facial feedback hypothesis? |
feedback from facial expression influences a persons emotonal experience and behaviour |
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Give 2 characteristics of Facial feedback hypothesis |
1- facial movement can strengthen or weaken emotional experience 2- facial expressions can create an emotion on its own |
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Give similar theory to facial feedback theory |
Cheung et al; people try to imitate others facial expression when feeling excluded (Facial -> feelings) |
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Give opposing theory to facial feedback theory |
facial expressions do not influence emotions but allow you to produce a necessary bodily response depending on the emotional challenge (fear, wide eyes, bigger visual field) |
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Give data supporting the facial feedback hypothesis |
blocking facial expression with botox selectively hinders emotional language, alleviates depressive symptoms |
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Application for Evaluation for facial feedback hypothesis |
controversy over which comes first, feelings or facial expressions |
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Who created the self-determination theory? |
Ryan and Deci |
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What is prior history of SDT? |
maslow first developed hierarchy of needs which was congruent with Hulls drive reduction definition of needs being innate necessities, and murray claims they are psychological rather than physiological |
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What is the SDT hypothesis? |
humans follow organismic dialet, max growth if three needs are met; competence, relatedness and autonomy |
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Give 2 characteristics of SDT |
1- OIT- proposing different extrinsic motivation, contexual factors and regulatory processes 2- CED- social and contextual events enhance intrinsic motivation it autonomous |
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What is a similar theory to SDT? |
self-concordance theory; personal autonomous goals increse effort which increase progress, reflects values and interests |
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What is opposing theory of SDT? |
Terror Mangement theory; we satisfy needs because of impulse of self-preservation no natural inclination for growth |
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Give data supporting SDT |
Ryan and Grolnick; research in school and work shows autonomous support associated with positive outcomes and intrinsic motivation |
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Application for Evaluation for SDT |
autonomoic intrinsic motivation enhances self efficacy that leads to less procrastination Hartman showed the more autonomous the goal the more weight could be lost |
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What is prior history of the amygdala theory? |
relative flatness associated with traumatic life experiences |
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What is the hypothesis of amygdala theory? |
amygdala plays role in both negative and positive emotions and reward |
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Give 2 characteristics of amygdala theory |
1- responsible for coding value to visual stimuli 2- timing of changes in amygdala predicts monkeys timing of learning |
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What is a similar theory to amygdala theory? |
Murray; basolateral amygdala links stimulus to its sensory features, important for responding approriately after changes in reinforcement value |
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What is opposing theory to amygdala theory? |
historical view that amygdaa was exclusively associated with fear and negative emotion |
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Give data supporting the amygdala hypothesis |
lesions of amygdala produce little or no fear response |
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Application of Evaluation for amygdala theory |
amygdala interacts with OFC to encourage adaptation based on value changes, could have implications to striatum and other dopaminergic pathways |
