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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parkinson's disease/ Parkinsonian-like symptoms |
Dopamine Nigrostriatal Movement: Decrease in the number of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra leads to |
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eating, drinking, sex and drugs activate |
The Nucleus accumbens |
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Dopamine mesolimbic reward invluves |
ventral tegmental area - leads to limbic system: nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus |
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three systems involved in drug use |
dopamine nigrostriatal movement dopamine mesolimbic reward dopamine mesocortical thought Mesolimbic/mesocortical are main focus of addiction theory |
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mesocortical system |
originates in the ventral tegmental area: projects to prefrontal cortext involved in memory formation, planning, decision making and problem solving |
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Dopamine in drug use |
dopamine is associated with natural rewards for food, music and sex. during drug use increases are exaggerated and communication is altered |
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dopamine pathways |
reward (motivation) pleasure, euphoria motor function (fine tuning) compulsion perseveration |
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Serotonin pathways |
mood memory processing sleep cognition |
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Withdrawal definition |
the behavioural and physiological signs produced when a physically dependent person stops taking the drugs |
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withdrawal signs |
symptoms are often opposite of drug effects craving is a symptom produced by the brain of an addict in withdrawal |
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Opponent process theory: Graph |
Process A: the affective state created by the drug Process B: the opposing state created to reverse the affects of the drug |
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Opponent Process Theory: Definition |
a person who experiences an increase in positive affect is likely to experience a sharp increase in negative affect a short time afterward and vice versa. |
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Opponent Process Theory: How it works |
Whenever we stray from baseline, opponent process returns us to baseline. - it is sluggish and requires time but produces for a time an affective state opposite to the one that triggered it. |
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Approach motivation |
Using drugs to enhance usually already in a positive mood looking for a euphoric effect less likely to become addicted - drug is for fun |
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Avoidance motivation |
using drugs to cope or escape often in an anxious state looking for relief from anxiety more likely to become addicted - drug is to cope with life |
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Novelty seeking temperament |
Low levels of monoamine oxidase create greater affect from sensation or novelty seeking |
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monoamine oxidase MAO |
breaks down dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine |
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Opiates |
change in brain stem (automatic body functions/depress breathing) limbic system (emotions and pleasure) Block pain messages by the spinal cord from the body |
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Endorphins |
decrease feelings of pain lead to release of sex hormones, feelings of euphoria and modulation of appetite |
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Morphine and Heroin |
pain killers positive reinforcement by reacting with the reward pathway in the brain environment and personality important in determining addiction |
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heroin/morphine addiction tolerance |
overactiviation of pain supression (reduces natural supply of opioids and turns up sensitivity on pain receptors) = interpreted as tolerance so take more |
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heroin/morphine withdrawal |
left with a inability to suppress own hyper sensitive pain system = excruciating |
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cocaine and Cannabis use |
Activates Ventral tegmental area produces dopamine interrupts reabsorbtion by dopamine transporters creates a lingering feeling of exhilaration or euphoria |
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Alcohol and Nicotine |
nicotine similuates release of dopamine - (peaks within 10 seconds of inhalation) - dissipates within a few minutes causing need for repeated intake |
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Alcohol and Nicotine - damage |
permanent functional changes in mesolimbic dopamine system arising from repetitive dopamine stimulation Decreased enzyme responsible for breaking down dopamine (decrease in this results in higher dopamine levels = need to sustain) |
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Nicotine - how it works |
immediate kick - stimulation of adrenal glands and resulting discharge of epinephrine (adrenaline) - release of glucose, increase BP, heart rate and respiration suppresses insulin output (hyperglycemic) |
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Alcohol effects |
release of dopamine and opiods stimulates and depletes dopamine & endorphins (hangover) suppresses activity in cortex reduces emotional reactivity in frustrating situations and leads to a greater persistence of goal directed behaviour |
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Alcohol neurotransmitters |
increase inhibitory GABA (sluggish movement, slurred speech) inhibits excitatory glutamate (physiological slowdown) |
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Alcohol Brain centres |
Cerebral cortex: depresses behavioural inhibitory centres, slows down information processing from senses and inhibits thought process cerebellum: affects centre of movement and balance Hypothalamus/pituitary: depresses nerve centres control sexual arousal and performance (urges may increase) Medulla: induces sleepiness (slow breathing, lower body temp) |
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Predatory aggression |
between species, involved in feeding |
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inermale aggression |
dominance of resources such as food and mate |
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territorial aggression |
usually among males and may involve sent marking and defending physical boundaries (territory is a resource) |
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defensive or fear aggression |
as might be seen by prey in the face of a predator |
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maternal aggression |
displayed by a lactating female in the defense of its young |
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irritable aggression |
elicited by frustration or pain |
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instrumental aggression |
learned and developed by conditioning procedures |
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sexual aggression |
the person who sexually excites you can make you aggressive if they become involved with someone else (jealousy) |
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Dominance and intermale aggression |
dominance in relation to territorial/resources dominance related to reproductive success |
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cold anger |
voice tends to direct downward at the end of sentences |
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hot anger |
voice inflection is exaggerated and directed downward |
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appeasement behaviours |
verbal statements of courtesy to compliant behaviour or smiling |
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Testosterone and aggression |
testosterone associated with aggression castration can stop it and injections can cause it |
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Dominance impact on mice |
winners are more assertive, initiate aggressive attacks and mating behaviours losers drop in male LH = decreased gonadal activity |
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Monkey testosterone dominance |
moving them between colonies would experience drop in testosterone becuase they enter on the bottom |
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Harris sparrows |
darker feathers = more testosterone/dominance bleached dominant and darkened subordinates - neither did well. constantly challenged and failed to live up to dominance |
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neuro factors of aggression |
tumors in medial hypothalamus associated with extreme aggression sepal tumors - defensive behaviours amygdala seizures associated with outburst of violence |
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Frustration and Irritation |
mood arising when gratification is not received when expected - enhanced when experiencing aversive stimuli |
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Social Learning |
Bobo doll experiment |
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Homicide |
killing others for resources or mates can be seen as self preservation |
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seasonal variation |
highest levels being found in late autumn and early winter no links to aggression |
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Aggression at puberty |
testes enlarge and being to secrete androgens under the influence of luteinizing hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary links between androgen level and aggression, and testosterone and aggression adolescence associated with more risk taking and violent acts - highest risk of murder |
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Trembley et al (1998) |
testosterone level and body size predictors of social dominance highest testosterone more likely to be socially dominant large body mass= more likely to be aggressive irrespective of their testosterone levels |
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sex differences in aggression |
males are more aggressive than females in most species |
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Learned Helplessness |
single exposure to a situation in which a lack of control is evident can affect a variety of cognitive tasks that follow this experience |
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Short term stress response |
SNS - fight or flight PNS - Rest and digest Hypothalamus - Corticotrophin releasing hormone Pituitary - Adrenocoricotrophic hormone Adrenal cortext - glucocorticoids: cortisol and corticosterone Adrenal Medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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dexamethasone suppression test |
used to test the feed back loop of the HPA axis synthetic cortisol turns off ACTH reduces cortisol levels |
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Coping: Emotion focused |
belief that situational factors can not be changed; changes behaviours or cognitions |
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Coping: problem focused coping |
belief resources or demands of situation can change |
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planful problem solving |
analysis of situation and taking direct action to correct it |
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confrontive coping |
assertive or aggressive action to change a situation |
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seeking social support |
seeking information or emotional support from others |
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distancing |
emotionally detaching from situation |
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escape-avoidance |
involves physically removing yourself from situation |
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self control |
modulating feelings toward situation |
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accepting responsibility |
acknowledging role in situation while doing part to correct it |
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positive reappraisal |
creating positive meaning from the situation to stimulate personal growth |
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unconditioned fear categories |
species evolutionary history novel stimuli learned dangerous stimuli intense stimuli social interaction stimuli |
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physiology of fear |
SNS and release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla increased cardiorespiratory functioning & perspiration |
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Generalized anxiety disorder |
Stress and anxiety in the absence of a causal stimulus |
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phobic anxiety disorder |
triggered by a particular stimulus |
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panic disrders |
attacks of extreme fear and stress; may occur with other disorders or alone |
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obsessive-compulsive diorder |
obsessive thoughts alleviated by compulsive actions |
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posttraumatic stress disorder |
pattern of psychological distress following extreme stress |
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Physiology of anxiety disorders |
Amygdala - registers danger/ trigger for physical reaction Gaba pathways - activate before we consciously perceive Benzodiazepine mechanisms serotonergic pathways - mood control (OCD, Anxiety disorders and depression) |
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Cortisol and Depression |
50% of clinically depressed patients show elevated cortisol levels
daily: highest in morning, decreases throughout day Depressed: 3-4 hours after sleep onset and decreases throughout daylight hours
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Cushing syndrom |
adrenals produce excessive cortisol |
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Addison's disease |
Adrenals produce too little cortisol |
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Cortisol and U shaped function |
Inverted U: if blood cortisol concentrations become too high or too low, then mood ratings typically drop into the depressed category |
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Seasonal affective disorder definition |
Depressed affect lethargy loss of libido hypersomnia weight gain carbohydrate cravings inability to concentrate |
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Seasonal affective disorder physiology |
serotonin and melatonin: melatonin production comes at the expense of serotonin production serotonin is associated with positive affect melatonin interrupted by periods of light exposure at night ( light can sychronize or suppress melatonin) |
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affective displays: facial expression Smile |
Felt/Genuine: involuntary smile false: no raised cheek or eye wrinkles Miserable smile: shows negative affect |
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Affective displays: Voice |
active joy: increases in pitch, greater variations in pitch and loudness of the voice sadness: decreased frequency and range, quite and monotone |
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Affective displays: Laughter |
effects: face, vocal changes and heart rhythmic changes all at once lower: cortisol, epinephrine and growth hormone Raise: immune functions |
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Affective displays: body posture |
Joy: upright, head held high despair: motionless, passive with stooped or downcast postures, head hanging |
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subjective well being: |
Physical: exercise, sleep patterns, drink social: positive and supportive network Mental: ability to handle stress, attitude, sense of purpose |
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Happy: Buss |
good health professional success to help friends and relatives to achieve intimacy experience feelings of confidence to help you succeed experience good tasting food security and safety resources to achieve all of the above |
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Genetics or environment learning |
simple organisms: simpler nervous systems and less capacity to learn others: have basic learning mechanisms - adaption to variable environments |
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R selection - K selection |
R: invest little in many poor quality offspring (mice, mosquitoes) K: invest heavily in few high quality offspring (humans, chimps, elephants) |
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Nature vs nurture |
Nature: all built in, all genetics, stimulus-response, no room to learn Nurture: all learned, no genetics, blank slate, lots of room for learning |
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Stereotypy |
Fairly invariable nature of a response relatively fixed among members of the same species |
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independence of immediate control |
there may be no stimuli present in the environment to provoke the behaviour |
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spontaneity |
not just immediate stimuli but also maturation and hormonal factors |
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independence from individual learning |
no learning necessary |
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classical conditioning |
the stimuli that elicit behaviour can be altered |
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vicarious learning or social learning |
can occur without reward or punishment |
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instrumental or operant conditioning |
primary reinforcers - biological behavioural reinforcers that serve survival conditioned reinforcers - rat works for food paired with light or tone, rat eventually works for light or tone |
