Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is sociology |
The scientific study of society |
|
|
Social Behavior |
Interactions, consequences of social differences |
|
|
What makes up society |
Cultural constructions, people, actions, institutions, relationships,culture |
|
|
Trouble |
Personal Problem |
|
|
Issue |
Social Problem |
|
|
Sociological Imagination |
Being able to see the big picture |
|
|
Auguste Comte |
Invented the word "sociology." Believed it should model itself after physics and the scientific method could be applied to human behavior. |
|
|
Emile Durkeim |
Sociology must study social facts/social life. Establishes scientific method to sociology. |
|
|
Anomic Suicide |
Not enough structure in life |
|
|
Fatalistic Suicide |
Too much regulation in society |
|
|
Egoistic Suicide |
Alienated from society |
|
|
Altruistic Suicide |
Too integrated in society. Ex kamikaze pilots |
|
|
Karl Marx |
Believed that social change is prompted by economic influence. |
|
|
Capatalism |
Society divided by class |
|
|
Bourgeoisie |
The rich |
|
|
Proletariat |
The poor, only had labor to sell |
|
|
Where does communism come from |
The poor rebelling |
|
|
Max Weber |
Studied bureaucracy |
|
|
Calvinism |
People are predestined to go to heaven |
|
|
Harriet Martineau |
First female sociologist. Translated works to English, said it was important to study ALL members of society. Studies family, marriage, and race relations. |
|
|
W.E.B Du Bois |
First african american to earn a degree from Harvard. Connected race to society and economics |
|
|
Functionalism |
See society as an organism, parts working for the whole, everything serves a function. |
|
|
Conflict Theory |
Order is through power, law, and ideologies |
|
|
Feminist Theory |
Gender relations and inequality are central to the study of society |
|
|
Symbolic Interaction |
All social interaction involves an exchange of info via symbols, both verbal and nonverbal. |
|
|
Post Modern Theory |
No grand narrative, social life is in constant flux |
|
|
Ethnography |
Participant observation and interviews, generate rich, deep data. Typically not generalization. |
|
|
Surveys |
Standardized questions, statistical analysis and secondary analysis, random sample. |
|
|
Experiments |
Control conditions to establish cause and effect, hard to replicate findings. |
|
|
Comparative Historical |
Comparison of behaviors over time, place, or group. |
|
|
Content Analysis |
Detailed systematic examination of a particular body of material |
|
|
What is culture? |
Anything created by mind, hands, mouth |
|
|
Lens |
Shapes our perceptions |
|
|
Material Culture |
Things you can touch |
|
|
Non-material Culture |
Symbols, language, beliefs, values, norms |
|
|
Norms |
Established standards of behavior/rules |
|
|
Formal Norms |
Laws enforced enforced by the states |
|
|
Folkways |
Everyday behavior, attire, table manners |
|
|
Sanctions |
Penalty or reward for behavior that is a norm |
|
|
Values |
Shared concepts of right/wrong, desirable/undesirable |
|
|
Symbols |
Items used to stand for or represent another |
|
|
Language |
System of symbols representing objects/abstract thoughts. Foundation of culture. |
|
|
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis |
Language shapes how we see the world. |
|
|
What is the oldest form of society |
Hunter/Gatherer |
|
|
Pastoral Agrarian Societies |
When people acquire materials, inequality emerges. |
|
|
Traditional Societies |
City/States, ruled by kings or emperors |
|
|
Industrialization |
18th century Britain, urbanization, machine production. |
|
|
Subculture |
Values distinct from dominant society |
|
|
Counterculture |
Rejects prevailing norms from society |
|
|
Assimilation |
People become part of a culture while embracing another |
|
|
Ethnocentrism |
Belief that your culture is superior to to others |
|
|
Cultural Relativism |
Evaluating a culture based on their norms and values, useful of understanding differences. |
|
|
Globalization |
Global interdependence through economy, corporations, and internet. |
|
|
Socialization |
Lifelong process though which people acquire norms, values, etc. |
|
|
Primary Socialization |
Socialization that occurs from infancy to early childhood |
|
|
Secondary Socialization |
Socialization from early childhood through adult life. |
|
|
Social Reproduction |
Passage of norms, values, and social practices through socialization, continues over time. |
|
|
Agents of socialization |
Most significant groups and institutions within which socialization occurs. |
|
|
Social Identity |
Characteristics that other people attribute to an individual. |
|
|
Self Identity |
The process of self-development through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationships to the world. |
|
|
Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development |
Learning to touch/manipulate |
|
|
Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development |
Ages 2-7, understanding words/images |
|
|
Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development |
Aware of others' perspectives |
|
|
Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development |
Abstract thought, not everyone reaches this stage |
|
|
Preparatory Stage |
Imitation |
|
|
Play Stage |
Pretend play |
|
|
Game Stage |
About 8 or 9, grasp generalized other |
|
|
Mead |
Socialization and symbolic interaction |
|
|
Piaget |
Stages of cognitive development |
|
|
Nancy Chodorow |
Emotional attachment, especially to mothers, need to break away. Different for boys and girls. |
|
|
Carol Gilligan |
Devaluation of feminine traits |
|
|
Gender socialization |
Begins before birth with pink and blue things, toys, books, movies. |
|
|
Aging |
Time related deterioration of physiological functions. Is it biological or social? |
|
|
Microsociology |
Small aspects of social life, interactions |
|
|
Nonverbal Communication |
Exchange of info without speaking |
|
|
Dramaturgy |
Social life is like theater, audience, stage, props, scripts. |
|
|
Impression Management |
Actively control the way people perceive you |
|
|
Costumes in dramaturgy |
First impression, reveal a great deal of social information |
|
|
Focused Interaction |
When we are directly engaged with someone |
|
|
Unfocused Interaction |
When we are present with others but don't communicate directly with them. |
|
|
Compulsion of Proximity |
People need to interact with others in their presence |
|
|
Social Groups |
Collection of people who interact regularly, have a common identity, shared expectations of behavior. |
|
|
Social Aggregate |
People who happen to be in the same place, but have no relation. |
|
|
Social Category |
People who have similar characteristics, but don't identify with each other. |
|
|
Dyad |
Two people. Intimate, intense, and unstable |
|
|
Triad |
Three people, more stable |
|
|
Primary Groups |
Intense, emotional ties, strong commitment |
|
|
Secondary Groups |
Less personal, often playing a role |
|
|
In Group |
"I belong" |
|
|
Out Group |
"I don't belong" |
|
|
Social Networks |
Direct and indirect associations |
|
|
Social Capital |
Knowledge and connections enables a person to accomplish goals and extend influence. |
|
|
Online Social Networking |
Many of the same benefits, some constraints lost. |
|
|
Network Inequality |
Different groups have access to more or less helpful networks |
|
|
Organizations |
Groups that associate with a purpose, identifiable membership |
|
|
Bureaucracy |
A formal organization with hierarchical authority, formal procedures |
|
|
Ideal type of bureaucracy |
Clear chain of command, written rules, paid positions based on authority, workers don't own their resources |
|
|
Informal Networks |
An early challenge to the bureaucracy theory, informal relations inside formal organizations |
|
|
The iron law of oligarchy |
Large organizations tend to centralize power |
|
|
Oligarchy |
Ruled by few |
|
|
Teminist Theories |
Organizations are structured in a gendered way, reinforce gender inequality inn society. |
|
|
McDonalization |
Organizations take traits of fast food restaurants |
|
|
Calcuability |
Quantity of quality, money and time. |
|
|
Uniformity |
Predictability and standardization |
|
|
Control through automation |
Workers replaced by nonhuman technologies |
|
|
Efficient methods for accomplishing tasks |
Fastest way from point A to point B |
|
|
Deviance |
Violation of norms, vary by culture and subculture |
|
|
Group Deviance |
Organizations, deviant subcultures |
