Midterm

Front 1

Wallenstein suggests that the world is divided by its connection to economic power into

Back 1

– Core nations which are constantly trying to seek expansion and profit, advanced countries –Periphery countries at the margins where the core nations expand their influence

Front 2

Wallensteinsuggests that the world is divided by

Back 2

its connection to economic power into– Semi-periphery countries that use some of their wealth through natural and human resources to build itsown economy– External nations are underdeveloped countries

Front 3

-Manifest functions

Back 3

are functions that lead to an expected consequence

Front 4

-Latent functions

Back 4

are functions that lead to unforeseen or unexpected consequences-

Front 5

Marx’s theory:

Back 5

marx suggested that ijn a capitalist system the bourgeoisie or members of the capitalistclass, own most of the wealth because they are in control of business. Since increasing profit is their maingoal, they aim to pay workers as little as possible. Workers in capitalist system proletariat. Marx suggestsfalse consciousness or lack of understanding in their societ. Workers must possess class consciousness.Believes most workers dont understand tehir positions. Marxist theory remains active in todays discussions,some believe it is over simplified.

Front 6

-FUCNTIONALISM:

Back 6

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND STRUCTURES ARE ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS FOR SOCIETY,FIVE PRIMARY TASKS OF SOCIETY THAT CREATE SOCIAL STRUCTURES. 1. ADAPTATION ANDREPLACEMENT 2, ORIENTATION AND SOCIALIZATION. 3. PRODUCTION AND ECONOMY 4. SOCIALORDER 5. UNITY AND PURPOSE.

Front 7

-CONFLICT THEORY:

Back 7

STUDY ISSUES SUCH AS RACE, CLASS, AND INEQUALITY, CONFLICTTHEORISTS PRECIEVE A PATTERN OF INEQUALITY FOR THE US POOR THAT DOES NOT OCCUT INAN INTERATIONAL LEVEL, SUCH AS KATRINA RELIEF-

Front 8

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONALISM:

Back 8

A PERSONS SOCIAL CREATION OF REALITY MAY TAKE INTOACCOUNT SOCIAL ISSUES SUCH AS JOB OPPORTUNITIES, WELFARE POLICIES, UNEMPLOYMENT,AND ACCESS TO A LIVIGNG WAGE. ESPERIENCE WITH THESE ISSUES CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ONPEOPLE CAUSING THEM TO ALTER THEIR CREATION OF REALITY.

Front 9

Looking glass self:

Back 9

Cooley, Based on our evaluations of other’s reactions, we develop our sense ofpersonal identity –Finally we interpret those judgments for ourselves in order to develop uniquepersonalities

Front 10

Tumin provides a critique of the functionalists Davis and Moore

Back 10

for Tumin social inequality is rootedin a system that is more likely to reward those who come from the higher classes and who have theresources to obtain better jobs.

Front 11

Tumin also suggests that

Back 11

the societal importance of the job does not seem to be the only basis forfinancial rewards - police officer vs. professional athlete - why does that athlete make so much moremoney

Front 12

Tumin

Back 12

Groups with power will try to maintain or increase their power. The wealthy try to maintain the status quo so training remains in their hands.

Front 13

Erickson’s 8 stages of development:

Back 13

1. Infancy2. Toddlerhood 3. Preschooler4. Elementary School5. Adolescence6. Young Adulthood 7. Middle Adulthood8. Late Adulthood

Front 14

Robert Meade: I, self

Back 14

part of us that is an active subject our subjective senses of who we areseeks self fulfillment.

Front 15

Robert Meade:Me self:

Back 15

objective part of the self the part of our self concept that questions how others mightinterpert our actions.

Front 16

Jean Piaget’s theory of personality development

Back 16

focused on 4 stages in cognitive development (a person’sability to think and reason)

1. Sensorimotor stage – the stage at which infants learn to experience and think about the world throughtheir senses and motor skills

2. Preoperational stage – the stage at which the ability to speak grows rapidly

3. Concrete Operational Stage – the stage atwhich children can think about objects in theworld in more than one way and start tounderstand causal connections in theirsurroundings 4. Formal Operational Stage – the stage atwhich people become able to comprehendabstract thought

Front 17

Resocialization.–

Back 17

is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and abandoning oldone

Resocialization is used in total institutions

Front 18

-- Total Institutions

Back 18

are places in which the most effective forms of resocialization can occur because theyisolate people from outside influences so they can be controlled

Front 19

total institutions have thesecharacteristics:

Back 19

There is one authority, and activities take place in specific locations. Carefully structured activities control the participants Authorities carefully screen all information from outside the institution Rules and roles are clearly defined A strict hierarchy exists within the institution Total institutions restrict individual choices

Front 20

hidden curriculum–

Back 20

Schools teach more than academic skills – Schools teach values promoting citizenship, by setting regulations, how to deal with peers, lessons taughtin school that are unrelated to academic learning

Front 21

The neighborhood you live in also influences socialization–

Back 21

Children who grow up in more affluent neighborhoods often do better in schoo– Poorer neighborhoods on average have higher rates of crime, teenage pregnancy, drug use, and highschool drop outs– William J. Wilson argued that there are fewer role models in poor communities

Front 22

Social class also affects socialization–

Back 22

Melvin Kohn’s research found that working class parents focus on obedience to authority when socializingtheir children.– Middle class parents in contrast showed greater concern about the motivations for their children’s behavior– Opportunties such at participation in little league sports, music lessons, art lessons, summer camp areaffected by social

Front 23

• Status

Back 23

is the position that you occupy within the social structure which is closely linked to social class

Front 24

Achieved status

Back 24

is a position that you earn or do something to attain

Front 25

Ascribed status

Back 25

is a position in society that you do not attain but you inherit

Front 26

Master status–

Back 26

Is a status toward which we gravitate; master status may be what is most important to us,such as our status as a parent, or what is most important to others such as one’s race or economic standing

Front 27

A social role

Back 27

is the behavior of a specific status:

Front 28

• Role expectations are

Back 28

anticipated behaviors for a particularrole

Front 29

Role performance

Back 29

the degree to which a person plays the role in a manner we expect

Front 30

HALL:

Back 30

Our feelings on personal space depend upon the setting and the person with whom we areinteracting. Hall suggests people in the U.S. have four zones of personal space

Front 31

1. Intimate distance

Back 31

– distance reserved for those with whom we are very close

Front 32

2. Personal distance –

Back 32

distance that ranges from 18 inches to 4 feet, distance for normal conversation

Front 33

3. Social distance –

Back 33

distance that ranges from 4 feet to 12 feet and is usually for formal settings

Front 34

4. Public distance

Back 34

refers to zone of interaction that is used in highly formal settings – the distance greaterthan 12 feet

Front 35

Erving Goffman – Face-saving work is the action we undertake when we are embarrassed. humor, anger, or retreat

Back 35

developed a theory of dramaturgy –

Front 36

Front stage

Back 36

or what the audience sees, the part of ourselves that we present to others –

Front 37

Backstage

Back 37

or the demeanor that incorporates our true feelings and beliefs

Front 38

Embarrassment

Back 38

or a state that occurs when we realize our act has failed

Front 39

Face-saving work

Back 39

is the action we undertake when we are embarrassed. humor, anger, or retreat

Front 40

In order to get ahead in the work place Wayne and Liden showed successful impression managementincluded –

Back 40

Self-focused management – techniques that include acting modest about your accomplishments, boastingoccasionally about your successes

Front 41

Demographic similarity

Back 41

– shared characteristics such as race, gender or age

Front 42

– – Supervisor-focused management –

Back 42

techniques that involve flattering your boss and agreeing with his orher opinion or avoiding disagreementIn order to get ahead in the work place

Front 43

Self-focused management

Back 43

– techniques that include acting modest about your accomplishments, boastingoccasionally about your successes

Front 44

– Role conflict–

Back 44

is a phenomenon occurring when one is forced to choose between the competing demandsof multiple roles

Front 45

Role strain

Back 45

is what we feel when the demands of a role are difficult for us to satisfy

Front 46

– The Thomas theorem

Back 46

says that “if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”– This statement describes the social construction of reality

Front 47

The social creation of reality

Back 47

emphasizes personal power; however, it does not deny the importance ofsocial structure

Front 48

– White workers

Back 48

more apt to view success as a personal achievement and are less concerned withissues such as equal opportunities or affirmative action

Front 49

– African Americans

Back 49

believe in the “American Dream,” but they are more likely to see obstacles thatmust be overcome in order to get there.

Front 50

1. Hunting and Gathering: .

Back 50

humans learned to use steel and work with animals --->

Front 51

2. pastoral and horticultural:

Back 51

population growth, building and invention of plow --->

Front 52

3. agricultural societies:

Back 52

begin to grow, technology suchas steam engine, new occupations in science --->

Front 53

4. industrial societies:

Back 53

migration to urban areas, increasedindustry leads to a greater need for natural resources, economy moves from manufacturing to service andtechnology --->

Front 54

5.Postindustrial societies:

Back 54

microchip brings changes in biomedicine and genetic engineering,increase life expectancy. Nations struggle for natural resources, whoever holds the technology holds thepower

Front 55

For many years, welfare was an entitlement program – a program offering assistance to which a person whomet certain standards.

Back 55

This changed in 1996 when Bill Clinton signed the Temporary Assistance to NeedyFamilies (TANF) program into law.

Front 56

Functionalists –

Back 56

believe that systems find equilibrium or balance so stratification must be the result of somekind of functional balance. The more important the position, the more we reward those who choose to pursue it (for example, doctors)

Front 57

Davis and Moore assume that

Back 57

stratification is inevitable and aids in the functioning of society Davis and Moore assume that each society has important positions that must be filled–

Front 58

Conflict theorists

Back 58

focus on the struggle for limited resources

Front 59

Tumin provides a critique of the functionalists Davis and Moore –

Back 59

for Tumin social inequality is rooted in asystem that is more likely to reward those who come from the higher classes and who have the resources toobtain better jobs

Front 60

Power elite is

Back 60

a small group who hold immense powerMilitary leaders, high ranking political officials, and corporate leaders

Front 61

Marx suggested that the class structure of western Europe consisted of two groups

Back 61

– Proletariat were the poor factory workers– Bourgeoisie were the owners of the factories– The owner paid the workers as little as possible, Marx suggested that the owners fostered a falseconsciousness or their place in society to maintain their power

Front 62

Weber

Back 62

expanded Marx’s idea that property is the sole determinant of social class– Weber’s system included class, status and party

Front 63

Class

Back 63

refers to wealth

Front 64

status

Back 64

refers to prestige or position

Front 65

Party

Back 65

refers to the political dimension of power

Front 66

Metiocracy argument:

Back 66

those who get ahead do so on their own merit. US stratification system is inevitableand aids in the smooth function of society.

Front 67

INCOME INEQUALITY:

Back 67

– Per capita income is determined by dividing the total gross income of the countryby the number of people in that country – This assumes that money is evenly distributed, which it is ofcourse not – However, it provides rough comparisons of different countries

Front 68

In general the top countries–

Back 68

are in Europe plus the U.S.,

Front 69

and the poorest countries

Back 69

are in Africa

Front 70

the wealthiest citizens of the U.S.

Back 70

enjoy a greater share of income of the country than do their affluentcounterparts in other rich countries

Front 71

Taxation is lowest

Back 71

in the U.S., however, it provide less of a welfare state-WEALTH INEQUALITY HAS INCREASED OVER TIME The U.S. has the greatest gap between rich and poor of the developed countries

Front 72

Transitional poverty–

Back 72

is a temporary state of poverty that occurs when someone loses a job for a short time

Front 73

Marginal poverty

Back 73

is a state of poverty that occurs when a person lacks stable employment

Front 74

Residual poverty

Back 74

is chronic, and multigenerational poverty

Front 75

Absolute poverty

Back 75

is poverty so severe that one lacks resources to survive

Front 76

Relative poverty

Back 76

is a state of poverty that occurs when we compare ourselves to those around us

Front 77

–– Near poor

Back 77

are people who live above the poverty level, but close to it

Front 78

– Children who grow up in more affluent neighborhoods –

Back 78

often do better in school

Front 79

Poorer neighborhoods

Back 79

on average have higher rates of crime, teenage pregnancy, drug use, and highschool drop outs

Front 80

THE DIGNITY OF WORKING MEN:

Back 80

By studying workers in the United States and France, Michéle Lamont illustrates that thereis a clear link between the small-scale and large-scale components of a society.

Front 81

Income distribution –

Back 81

relates to how income is arranged, sociologists often look at quintiles of the population

Front 82

The poorest 20% of the U.S. population

Back 82

earns 3.4 percent of all income

Front 83

– The top 20 percent –

Back 83

earned 50 percent of income

Front 84

– The top 5 percent

Back 84

receives 6 times as much income

Front 85

Kevin bates

Back 85

reports still 50,000 slaves per year in US imported. In tulsa, 2002, brought overworkers from India with a promise of good pay/resources, only to keep them working at 2$per hour, long work days, substandard food, and shared beds. People of tulsa helped themfind jobs and homes after exposure.

Front 86

Caste systems in india –

Back 86

India’s caste system has five different levels. Citizens are born, work, marry and die within their caste

Front 87

Brahmin

Back 87

are the priestly and scholar caste

Front 88

Kshatriya

Back 88

are the warrior caste and political leaders

Front 89

Vaishya

Back 89

are the merchants, artists and traders

Front 90

Shudra

Back 90

caste represents the country’s workers

Front 91

Dalit or “untouchables”

Back 91

were seen a unsanitary people who performed the lowest rung of labor in society andlived outside of the mainstream of society

Front 92

Europeans work fewer hours and have more paid vacation time than americans.

Back 92

Mexicoworks highest amount of weekly at 35.5 and annual hours, U.S is second at 35.1.

Front 93

Underdeveloped nations

Back 93

are countries that are poor and may or may not be in the processof being industrialized– The UN rates these countries on 3 criteria: low gross national income, low health and education, alsofactors like population and remoteness are considered)

Front 94

Developed Nations–

Back 94

like the U.S., have a well- educated population, regular elections, industry and freeenterprise– Countries such as Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Switzerland and otherdeveloped countries share these characteristics

Front 95

• Class classification of Weber–

Back 95

Semi-skilled manual workers are the workers who have some training and may work in factories–

Unskilled workers are the lowest class, consisting of people who frequently perform manual labor jobs thatare often unpleasant and times dangerous

Front 96

SOCIAL DARWINISM:

Back 96

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinianlaws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated byHerbert Spence