Microbiology - Gram Positive

Front 1

Which bacteria are alpha hemolytic?

Back 1

Streptococcus (all catalase-negative)
Optochin sensitive, bile soluble, or quellung positive: Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Optochin resistant, bile insoluble, or quellung negative: Streptococcus Viridans (eg S. Mutans)

Front 2

Which bacteria are beta-hemolytic?

Back 2

Rods: Listeria monocytogenes
Cocci: Catalase positive and coagulase positive: Staphylococcus Aureus, Catalase negative, Streptococcus -> Bacitracin sensitive, S. pyogenes. Bacitracin resistant, S. agalactiae.

Front 3

What are the important points about Listeria monocytogenes?

Back 3

1. Tumbling motility, 2. Meningitis in newborns, 3. Unpasteurized milk

Front 4

Gram positive: Which are catalase positive and which are catalase negative?

Back 4

Positive: Staph, Negative: Strep

Front 5

Gram positive: Which are catalase positive bacteria make coagulase?

Back 5

Staph aureus does. Staph epidermidis and saprophyticus do not.

Front 6

What is Protein A?

Back 6

Virulence factor of Staphylococcus Aureus. Binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis.

Front 7

What disease states does Staphylococcus Aureus cause?

Back 7

Inflammatory: Skin infections, Organ abscesses (acute bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis),
Pneumonia
Toxin-mediated: Toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1), Scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin), Rapid-onset food poisoning (ingestion of preformed enterotoxin)

Front 8

What disease states does Streptococcus Pyogenes cause?

Back 8

Pyogenic: Pharyngitis, Cellulitis, Impetigo; Toxigenic: Scarlet fever, Toxic shock syndrome; Immunologic: Rheumatic fever, Acute glomerulonephritis

Front 9

What are two sequelae of Streptococcus Pyogenes pharyngitis?

Back 9

Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis (Mnemonoic: PHaryngitis gives you rheumatic PHever and glomerulonePHritis)

Front 10

Which antibody enhances host defenses against Streptococcus Pyogenes?

Back 10

Antibody to M protein

Front 11

Antibody to M protein enhances host defenses against what?

Back 11

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Front 12

What does ASO titer detect?

Back 12

Recent S. Pyogenes infection

Front 13

How can one detect recent S. Pyogenes infection?

Back 13

ASO titer

Front 14

What are the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever?

Back 14

Subcutaneous nodules, Polyarthritis, Erythema marginatum, Chorea, Carditis (bacterial endocarditis) (Mnemonic: No "rheum" for SPECCulation)

Front 15

What is streptococcus pneumoniae the most common cause of?

Back 15

Meningitis, Otitis media (in children), Pneumonia, Sinusitis - S. pneumoniae MOPS are Most OPtochin Sensitive

Front 16

What is the most common cause of meningitis?

Back 16

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 17

What is the most common cause of otitis media?

Back 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 18

What is the most common cause of pneumonia?

Back 18

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 19

What is the most common cause of sinusitis?

Back 19

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 20

What is indicated by "rusty" sputum?

Back 20

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

Front 21

What are common associations with Pneumococcus?

Back 21

Streptococcus Pneumoniae - "Rusty" sputum, Sepsis in sickle cell anemia, and splenectomy

Front 22

What does sepsin in sickle cell anemia pt indicate?

Back 22

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 23

What do Group B streptococci cause?

Back 23

B for Baby - Pneumonia, Meningitis, Sepsis

Front 24

3 most common causes of meningitis in infants younger than 3 months of age

Back 24

E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Group B streptococcus

Front 25

How do infants with meningitis present?

Back 25

Fever, Vomiting, Poor feeding, Irritability

Front 26

Name the Lancefield Group D bacterial categories and examples of each.

Back 26

Enterococci: Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium - Non-enterococci: Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus equinus

Front 27

What is Streptococcus bovis infection a sign of?

Back 27

Colonic malignancy

Front 28

What kind of hemolysis do enterococci cause?

Back 28

Variable (CMMRS says alpha; FA says variable and gamma)

Front 29

What drug resistances do the enterococci show?

Back 29

Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Vancomycin

Front 30

What is Lancefield grouping determined by?

Back 30

Differences in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall

Front 31

Which Group D bacteria are hardier?

Back 31

Enterococci are hardier than nonenterococci. They can grow in 6.5% NaCl

Front 32

A colony of bacteria grows in 6.5% NaCl. What is it?

Back 32

Enterococcus

Front 33

What disease states/problems does Staphylococcus epidermidis cause?

Back 33

Infection of prosthetic devices and catheters. Contaminates blood cultures.

Front 34

How is Streptococcus Viridans characterized?

Back 34

1. Alpha hemolysis, 2. Optochin resistant, 3. Normal mouth flora (Mnemonic: Viridans lives in the mouth because it is not afraid of-the-chin)

Front 35

Where is Strep. Viridans part of the normal flora?

Back 35

Oropharynx

Front 36

What disease states/problems does Streptococcus Viridans cause?

Back 36

1. Dental caries (Streptococcus mutans), 2. Subacute Bacterial endocarditis (Streptococcus Sanguis)

Front 37

What disease states does Streptococcus mutans cause?

Back 37

Dental caries

Front 38

What disease states does Streptococcus sanguis cause?

Back 38

Subacute bacterial endocarditis, Sanguis = blood, lots of blood in the heart.

Front 39

How are clostridia characterized?

Back 39

1. Gram positive rods, 2. Spore forming, 3. Obligate anaerobes

Front 40

What disease state does Clostridium difficile cause, and what is its mechanism?

Back 40

Disease state: pseudomembranous colitis secondary to clindamycin or ampicillin use. (Mnemonic: DIfficile causes DIarrhea) - Mechanism: Antibiotic kills off protective flora, C. difficile takes hold and proliferates, Produces cytotoxin, an enterotoxin, Cytotoxin kills enterocytes.

Front 41

Treatment for C. difficile infection

Back 41

Metronidazole

Front 42

Lab diagnosis basis for Cornyebacterium diphtheriae

Back 42

Gram positive rods with metachromatic granules, grown on tellurite agar (aka Loffler's coagulated serum medium)

Front 43

How is Bacillus anthracis characterized?

Back 43

Gram positive rod, Spore forming, Protein capsule

Front 44

Which bacteria have a protein capsule?

Back 44

Bacillus anthracis (the only one)

Front 45

What are the mechanisms of anthrax infection and disease?

Back 45

Non-inhalation: Formation of malignant pustule (painless ulcer), Progression to bacteremia, Death - Inhalation of spores: Development of flulike symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage and shock.

Front 46

What organism: Development of flulike symptoms followed by fever, pulmonary hemorrhage and shock.

Back 46

Inhalation anthrax: Bacillus anthracis

Front 47

What do skin lesions in anthrax look like?

Back 47

Vesicular papules covered by black eschar

Front 48

What is Woolsorter's disease

Back 48

Inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores from contaminated wool

Front 49

What organism: Gram-positive rods forming long branching filaments resembling fungi

Back 49

Actinomyces israelii or Nocardia asteroides

Front 50

What organism: Oral or facial abscesses with yellow granules in sinus tracts

Back 50

Actinomyces israelii

Front 51

What disease state does Actinomyces israelii cause?

Back 51

Oral or facial abscesses with yellow granules draining out skin through sinus tracts

Front 52

How is Actinomyces israelii characterised?

Back 52

Gram-positive anaerobic rods forming long branching filaments resembling fungi (Nocardia also has this description) - Causes oral or facial abscesses with yellow granules

Front 53

How is Nocardia asteroides characterized?

Back 53

Gram-positive (weakly acid fast) rods forming long branching filaments resembling fungi (Actinomyces also has this description)

Front 54

What disease state does Nocardia asteroides cause?

Back 54

Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients

Front 55

What is the treatment for Actinomyces israelii?

Back 55

Penicillin (Mnemonic: SNAP (Sulfa for Nocardia; Acintomyces use Penicillin))

Front 56

What is the treatment for Nocardia Asteroides?

Back 56

Sulfonamides (Mnemonic: SNAP (Sulfa for Nocardia; Acintomyces use Penicillin))