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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Streptococcus pneumoniae |
*Normal flora for ~10% *Causes pneumococcal pneumoniae (aka pneuitis) *Leading Cause of bacterial pneumoniae *Causes huge inflammatory response (lungs open up to allow WBC's and fluids to get in) *There is a vaccine (part of infant immune schedule) |
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Pneumococcal pneumonia |
*Inflammation of lung air space (not the actual tissue). *It's an inflammatory response because of the huge immune reaction, which opens up the lungs to allow WBC's and fluids to get in. *Treat with antibiotics and steroids *There is a vaccine *Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Pneuitis |
*Inflammation of lung air space (not the actual tissue). *It's an inflammatory response because of the huge immune reaction, which opens up the lungs to allow WBC's and fluids to get in. *Treat with antibiotics and steroids *There is a vaccine *Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Who is the at risk group for pneumoccocal pneumonia? |
Infants, elderly, and immune compromised, but a vaccine is recommended for college students as well for sake of public safety. |
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Who is the at risk group for pneuitis? |
Infants, elderly, and immune compromised, but a vaccine is recommended for college students as well for sake of public safety. |
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Corynebacterium diptheriae |
*Causes diptheria *Makes cytotoxins *Causes formation of pseudomembranes *D part of DTaP vaccine *Very rare *Treat with neutralizing antibodies |
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Dipthera |
Upper respiratory tract infection that makes really bad cytoxin. Destruction from cytoxin causes formation of pseudomemebranes. Psudomembranes block off respiratory tract and need to be surgically removed. |
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Psudomembrane |
Formed due to the destruction caused by cytotoxins. Made up of dead cells and new immune cells. Blocks the respiratory tract in throat and needs to be surgically removed. |
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Diphtheria toxoid |
D part of DTaP. Made by taking the toxin and treating with chemicals and heart to deactivate, but antibodies still can be made from antigens present. |
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Bordetella pertussis |
*Causes pertussis (aka whopping cough) *Creates many toxins *Part of DTaP vaccine (aP part- acelluar pertussis) *Epidemic in 1998 as paper was published stating a "link" between the vaccines and autism |
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Pertussis |
*Characterized by "whopping" sound in cough *Adults who get usually don't have "whop" just a "bad cold," but still can be spread to others. *Caused by Bordetella pertussis |
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Whopping cough |
*Characterized by "whopping" sound in cough *Adults who get usually don't have "whop" just a "bad cold," but still can be spread to others. *Caused by Bordetella pertussis |
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Acelluar pertussis |
Vaccine component (DTaP) that is just toxiods of all the different toxins Bordetella pertussis bacteria produces. Need to have a boaster later on though. |
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DTP |
Old vaccine used that vaccinated against pertussis or whopping cough by using whole killed bordetella pertussis cells, however it caused a lot of side effects which made less and less people get vaccinated. |
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Explain the paper that linked vaccines to autism |
Published in 1998 caused major drop in vaccinations. Later retracted as it had weak science the dude was getting paid off by anti vaccine people. |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
*Causes tuberculosis (TB)- highly infectious and very serious *Acid fast (+) and will do a sputum stain *Very slow growing *Symptoms include coughing and drenching night sweats *Form tubercles in lung air space *No good vaccine (only give to people who are going somewhere, where they could be exposed to TB) *Long treatment (9months-1year) with two different types of antibiotics to avoid resistances, thus low compliance |
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Tuberculosis |
*Highly infectious and very serious *Symptoms: Coughing and night sweats *Form tubercles in lung air space *No good vaccine (only give to people who are going somewhere, where they could be exposed to TB) *Long treatment (9months-1year) with two different types of antibiotics to avoid resistances, thus low compliance *Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Tubercles |
Solid masses formed in lung air space made up of immune cells surrounding/walling off bacterial cells. Very hard to get into with antibiotics and mycobacterium is so slow growing, thus very long treatment (9months-1 year). |
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TB Test |
Test used to test for previous exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by injecting toxiods underskin and seeing if body reacts (if has means it has seen TB before).
Vaccine leads to false positive |
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Discuss the TB Vaccine |
Not very effective and only recommended for people who are going somewhere where TB is found (ie military and travelers). Problem is causes a always positive result in TB test. |
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Way(s) to test for TB infection? |
*Do an Acid-fast stain on a person's sputum and see if positive. Weak test *Do an X-ray on person's lungs and see if there are tubercles forming there. |
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Mycobacterium leprae |
*Causes leprosy *Airborne, but no where near as contagious as TB *Form lepromatous all around (similar to tubercles) *9-banded armadillo carry it *No vaccine |
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Leprosy |
*Not life threatening, but can lose tissue to it (permanent damage) *Airborne, but no where near as contagious as TB *Caused by Mycobacterium leprae *Carried by the 9-banded armadillo |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
*Leading cause of "A-typical" or "Walking" pneumonia *Antibiotics used to treat, but can get better without *Lack peptidoglycan (thus more sensitive to osmotic pressure) *Penicillin can't be used to treat since no peptidoglycan |
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"A-typical" pneumonia |
*Lungs don't fill up with as much fluid, so can move and function (ie not super sick) *Antibiotics can be used to treat, but not needed *Can't use penicillin to treat (lake peptidoglycan) *Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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"Walking" pneumonia |
*Lungs don't fill up with as much fluid, so can move and function (ie not super sick) *Antibiotics can be used to treat, but not needed *Can't use penicillin to treat (lake peptidoglycan) *Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Neisseria meningitidis |
*Causes meningitis (aka meningococcal menigitis) *Gets into central nervous system (in menigies) *Very serious, needs to be treated quickly (first people in outbreak usually die) *Some people carry is naropharnx |
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Meningitis |
*Inflammation in central nervous system (in meniges) *Very serious needs to be treated quickly (first people in outbreak usually die) *There is a viral form *Caused by Nesseria meningitidis |
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Meningococcal meningitis |
*Inflammation in central nervous system (in meniges) *Very serious needs to be treated quickly (first people in outbreak usually die) *There is a viral form *Caused by Nesseria meningitidis |
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Name airborn viruses |
*Measles *Mumps *Rubella *Chicken pox *Influenza (flu) *Cold (lots of viruses that cause this)
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MMR |
Vaccine that treats Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. One of the first vaccines "linked" to autism. All use to be fetal for children, killed a couple of people. |
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Staphylococcus aureus (Direct Contact) |
*Makes lot of exotoxins (including hemolysins) *Caogulase (+) *Causes skin diseases (impetigo, acne, and celluitis, Toxic Shock Syndrome) *MRSA (Methicillian resistant- bac makes enzyme that cleaves antibiotic) *Treat with antibiotics and steroids *Direct Contact |
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Celluitis |
*Bacteria moves under skin. *Caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
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Creepying celluitis |
*Bacteria moves under skin *Caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
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TSS |
*Toxic Shock Syndrome. *When lots of antigens/toxins are made causing big immune response, sending person into shock. *Treat with antibiotics and steroids *Figured out in 70's with people getting TSS because of tampons |
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MRSA |
*Methicillian resistant staphylococcus aureus. *Have bacteria that cleave enzyme |
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Helicobacter pylori |
*Causes Gastic ulcers *Normal flora for some *Kinda mysterious how it spreads, usually spread within families *Direct Contact |
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STD's and STI's general |
Need body fluids to live |
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Neisseria gonorrhaea |
*Causes discharge and gonorrhea *Causes urethritis aka gonococcal urethritis *Treated with antibiotics *Has to be reported to CDC *Most dangerous when A-systematic as leads to pelvic inflammatory diseases in females (causes infertility) *Leads to blindness in babies when born if mother has *Not hard to cure |
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Urethritis |
*inflammation of urethra *treat with antibiotics *can lead to Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to infertility |
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Gonococcal urethritis |
*inflammation of urethra *treat with antibiotics *can lead to Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to infertility *Caused by Neisseria gonorrhaea |
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PID |
Pelvic inflammatory disease. When bacteria travels up reproductive tract and spreads. leads to infertility. Easy to cure, but needs to be caught |
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Treponema pallidum |
*Causes syphilis *Has to be reported to CDC *Shape allows them to bore thru and go systemic (bores thru tissues and stuff- not skin) |
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Types of syphilis? |
*Primary- has chancre (lession/break in skin w/ syphilis bacteria) *Secondary- bacteria in chancre goes systemic *Tertiary- systemic bacteria gets in central nervous system *Congenital- born with it (Mom passes secondary or tertiary to child |
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Explain primary syphilis |
Person has a chancre (lession/break in skin with syphilis bacteria). Easy to treat, but can go unnoticed |
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Explain secondary syphilis |
Bacteria in chancre goes systemic by getting into blood stream. Causes rushes and stuff. Still easy to treat |
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Explain tertiary syphilis |
Systemic bacteria bores into Central nervous system. Makes you go blind and/or crazy. Treat with heavy antibiotics. |
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Explain congenital syphilis |
Born with it. Mom passes secondary or tertiary to child. Child is born still, retarded, or blind |
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Chlamydia trachomatis |
*Causes non-gonoccal gonorrhea *Can lead to urethritis, and pelvic inflammation disease |
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HPV |
*Human Papilloma Virus *Causes genital wart (benign, aka safe tumor) *There is a vaccine *Virus is transforming (causes cancer) |
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Herpes/HSV |
*Herpes Symplex Virus *Two types (1-cold scores and 2-genital area) *Not curable, goes dormant when "gone" *Most prevalent and communal disease *Anti-virus drugs to lower viral replication |
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Types of Herpes |
1-cold scores 2-gential area |
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HIV |
*Human Immunodeficiency Virus *Causes AID's (when opportunistic viruses/bacteria infect person) *Infects T-Cells *Lots of drugs to keep virus in check (drugs are sometimes toxic though) |
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Hepatitis |
*3 Types (B, C, and A) *Not really STD, but all body fluids *Vaccine for A and B |
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Antropod |
Insects and stuff |
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Vector |
Things that pass an microorganism on |
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Rickettsia ricketsii |
*Causes Rockey Mountain Spotted Fever *Vectors are ticks *Not actually common in Rockey Mountains, more common in Mid-East *Treatable with standard antibiotics *Replicates in WBC's, thus longer treatment *Can be cause death (rare, but possible) |
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Rockey Mountain Spotted Fever |
*Systemic and causes rash and spots *Caused by Rickettsia ricketsii |
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Borrelia burgdorferi |
*Causes Lyme disease *Named because found in Lyme, Connecticut *Vectors are deer ticks *Not always present with rash, but muscle pain and stuff other *Acute treatment possible, longer term not possible (long term after effects) *Relatively new because we're starting to live in areas with the deer ticks |
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Yersinia pestis |
*Causes bubonic (& penumonic) plague aka black death *Possible first use of biological warfare *Vectors are fleas (which gets on rate then pass to us) *Perry Dogs carry too *Called bubonic cause form buboes *Makes lots of toxics that kill tissue (blackens tissue) *Treatable if caught early *Can be passed on airborne (where pneumonic name comes from) |
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Bubonic plague |
*Few cases in the US per year *Lots of toxins made that cause death of tissue (blackens tissue) *Caused by Yersinia pestis |
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Black death |
*Few cases in the US per year *Lots of toxins made that cause death of tissue (blackens tissue) *Caused by Yersinia pestis |
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Pneumoinc plague |
*Few cases in US per year *Airborn *Goes straight to lungs and instantly goes sytemic *Real bad because means you get a lot at once |
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Types of food |
*Perishable *semi-perishable *non-perishable |
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What makes something perishable? |
When there is water |
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Aw |
Water activity |
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Pasterized |
Flash hearing and flash cooling to reduce bacteria count |
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Ultra pasterization |
Flash heating and flash cooling the extreme to completely bacterial count |
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Old fashion food cleaning methods |
*Drying *Salting
Worked because removed water countent |
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Chemical food cleaning |
Inhibits growth of bacteria with chemcials |
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Irradiation |
*Large doses of radiation to clean bacteria *Used mainly in big food processing plants *safe to eat, but dangerous to workers |
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How do mold and fungi grow on food? |
They are adapted to low water. Send cillia to find water. |
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What types of semi perishable food take the longest to perish? |
Things with high sugars and/or salts, therefore having less water content |
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Most foodborne bacteria release what? |
Enterotoxins |
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Enterotoxins |
exotoxins that can live in GI tract |
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Ways enterotoxins hurt people |
*intoxication- just ingesting toxins makes you sick *infection- ingest bacteria that colonizes and makes you sick |
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Staphylococcus aureus (foodborne) |
*Causes staphylococcal food poison *Usually gets on food from hands of food handlers *Intoxication (quickly acting) *Usually on salty food because halophilic |
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Clostridium botulinum |
*Causes botulism *Makes spores, stick anerobe *Passes on when people at food plant don't get rid of all spores *Intoxication *Makes botulinum toxin *Causes flaccid paralysis *Toxin is heat liable (can boil to get rid of, but only take a few to get sick) *Treat with antitoxins |
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Botulism |
*When Clostridium boyinum makes toxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine causing flaccid paraysis *Treat with antitoxins |
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Flaccid paraysis |
*When muscles can't contact because take of acetylocholine. ie all of person's muscles are too relaxed to do anything *Caused by Clostridium botulinum *Treat with antitoxins |
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Botulinum toxin |
Toxin released by Clostridium botulinum that blocks the release of acetylcholine at the neural musical junction |
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Botox |
*Another name for Botulinum toxin *Toxin released by Clostridium botulinum that blocks the release of acetylcholine at the neural musical junction |
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Infant botulism |
*Caused by Clostridium botulinum *Happens due to infants lack of normal flora *Reason why <2yr should not eat raw honey because it has spores in it |
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Types of Escherichia coli |
*ETEC (Enterotoxiginic E. coli)- "Traveler's diarrhea" *EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli)- E. coli infection in young or old people *EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli)- Gets thru mucosa and invades and stays *EHEC/STEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)- Invades and releases really bad toxins |
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ETEC |
*Enterotoxgenic E. coli *"Traveler's diarrhea" *Found in water and raw vegetables *Gives diarrhea, but self limiting (can get over normally) except for young and old *People get infected because not normal E. coli strand they are use to |
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EPEC |
*Enteropathogenic E. coli *Basic E.coli infection in young or old people |
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EIEC |
*Enteroinvasive E. coli *Gets through mucosa and invades and stays *Causes blood diarrhea (dysentery) |
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Dysentery |
Bloody diarrhea |
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EHEC |
*Enterohemorragic E. coli *Most serious E. coli infection *Makes real bad toxins, invades, and damages kidneys *Causes hemoytic uermic syndrome *Extremely fatal |
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Hemolytic uremic syndome |
*Bloody urine due to kidney not filtering correctly *Causes by Enterohemorragic E. coli |
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STEC |
*Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli *Most serious E. coli infection *Makes real bad toxins, invades, and damages kidneys *Causes hemoytic uermic syndrome *Extremely fatal |
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How are most Esarichia coli infections passed on? |
Due to workers not having the proper protection and such |
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Salmonella sp. |
*Infection *Causes salmonosis *Usually found in poultry, reptiles, rodents |
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Shigella sp. |
*Infection *Causes shigellosis *Dysentery |
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Campylobacter sp. |
*Most commonly reported foodboren infection in US *Biggest and most notciable symptoms |
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Listeria sp. |
*Causes Listeriosis *Cycrophile *Usually in produce *Leads to death of fetuses (because of this pregnant told not to eat soft cheeses) |
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Clostridium tetani |
*Causes tetanus *Will not grow in arobic conditions *Risk really with puncture wones *Makes neurotoxin (glycine inhibbitors)- leads to spastic paralysis *Vaccine (T of DTaP) *Treat with antitoxins, needs to be caught soon |
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Glycine |
Neurotransmitter that tells muscles to relax |
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T in DTaP |
*Tetanus toxoid *Made from Clostridum tetani cells |
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Bacillius anthracis |
*Causes Anthrax (cutanous and inhalation) *Makes spores *There is a vaccine, but not widely used except for in millitary or in causes of outbreaks |
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Two types of anthrax |
*cutaneous- gets in cutaneous woes and spores germinate *inhalation- gets inhaled in high concentration of spores |
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Cutanous anthrax |
*Bacillius anthracis spores gets into cutaneous woes and germenate. Make cytotoxins and leads necrosis *Common in places with sheep (wool traps lots of spores) *There is a vaccine, but not widely used except for in military or in causes of outbreaks |
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Necrosis |
Death of tissues |
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Wool-sorter's disease |
*Death of tissues caused by Bacillius anthracis spores that are trapped in wool and get into cutaneous woes and leads to necrosis *There is a vaccine, but not widely used except for in millitary or in causes of outbreaks |
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Inhalation anthrax |
*Bacillius anthracis spores gets inhaled in high concentrations *Bioterrorism weapon (easy to make) *Treated if caught early (first people usually die) *Can go systemic *There is a vaccine, but not widely used except for in military or in causes of outbreaks |
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Cleaning water |
*Biggest impact on public health *Very simple and low tech *Treat waste and drinking water |
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Filtration |
*First water treatment used *Caught mostly bacteria |
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How are most waterborne pathogens passed on? |
Recreational water use |
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Treatment plans duties |
*Notify drinkers when a positive test comes back and treat water *Constantly monitor |
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Main way of treatment plan monitor water? |
*Use of filters *Screening for coliforms mainly |
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Coliforms |
Organisms that grow in gut |
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Vibrio cholera |
*Causes cholera *Not found in places with good water treatment, but still major world problem *Adheres to intestine lining *Makes enterotoxin that causes sodium ions to leave (thus water leaves as well) *Water diarrhea *Can be fatal to all *Treat with replacement therapy *Vaccine still being worked on |
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Rice water stool |
Water diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholera |
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Replacement therapy |
Replacing the ions and water lost from rice water stool from Vibrio cholera |
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Would antibiotics help with Vibrio cholera infection? |
No because water diarrhea takes care of getting rid of most infection |
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Why is there still not a vaccine for Cholera? |
It is hard to get body to make antibodies down in intestine where they are needed |
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Cholera |
*Not found in places with good water treatment, but still major world problem *Adheres to intestine lining *Makes enterotoxin that causes sodium ions to leave (thus water leaves as well) *Water diarrhea *Can be fatal to all *Treat with replacement therapy *Vaccine still being worked on *Caused by Vibro cholera |
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Legionella pneumophila |
*Causes Legionellosis (aka Legionnaire's disease) *Inhale droplets of water that have organisms in them *Treat with antibotics *Found also in hot tubs *Difficult to culture |
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Legionellosis |
*Type of upper respiratory tract infection *Treat with antibotics *Named because of major outbreak in Legionaire convention in 70's |
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Legionnaire's disease |
*Type of upper respiratory tract infection *Treat with antibotics *Named because of major outbreak in Legionaire convention in 70's |
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Protist |
*Eukaryotic and unicelluar *Have two forms (feeding form and cyst form) *Feeding form is ameba looking and eats *Cyst form is spore like, but not as strong |
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Encyst |
When a protist goes into cyst form |
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Entamoeba |
*Protist *Causes amoebic dysentery *Common in South America |
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Amoebic dysentery |
When a person eats Entamoeba in cyst form, it changes into feeding form, eats you, and goes systemic |
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Giardia |
*Protist *Causes giardiasis (aka Beaver fever) *Beavers carry this, don't drink downstream from them *Gassy diarrhea *treat with antiprotist drugs (toxic to us) |
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Giardiasis |
*Giardia infection *Causes gassy diarrhea *Treat with antiprotist drugs |
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Beaver fever |
*Giardia infection *Causes gassy diarrhea *Treat with antiprotist drugs |
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Why are antiprotist drugs harmful to us too? |
They are designed to target eukaryotic cells (which we are made up of) |
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Naegleria |
*Protist *Causes meningoen cephalitis (aka brain eating ameba) *Gets in thru nose, spirals and gets through skull quickly *Very rare, often fatal *Free living in warm fresh water |
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Meningoencephalitis |
*Gets in thru nose, spirals and gets through skull quickly *Very rare, often fatal *Free living in warm fresh water *Aggressive treatment needed quickly *Caused by Naegleria |
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Brain eating ameba |
*Gets in thru nose, spirals and gets through skull quickly *Very rare, often fatal *Free living in warm fresh water *Aggressive treatment needed quickly *Caused by Naegleria |
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Sterlize |
To kill all living cells, spires, and viruses |
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Disinfection |
Lowering the number of berteria |
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Decontamination |
Lowing the number of bacteria |
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Types of phyical microbiotic growth control |
*Heat *Radiation *Filtration |
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Heat microbiotic growth control |
*Sterilize by denaturing macromolcules and melting membranes *Time dependent *Quantified with Decimal reduction time (D) and Themeral death time |
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D |
*Decimal reduction time *Time required to kill all but 10% of bacteria *Will vary with temperature *Varies with culture thickness |
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Thermal death time |
*Time required to kill all cells or deactivate viruses @ given temperature *Same no matter how thick culture is |
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How do we deactivate spores? |
Autoclave them |
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Autoclave |
Machine used that puts pressure on bacteria and allows it to get to ~121C (which is temperature needed to deactivate spores) |
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Types of Radiation |
*UV *ionizing |
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Radiation |
Shining radiate engery on living things or viruses to denature them |
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UV radiation |
*Basic type of radiation that causes mutations *Just keeps bacterial numbers low *Not very penetrating (on gets surface) |
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Ionizing radiation |
*Very penetrating and most powerful radiation *Main way to sterilize things that are not able to be autoclaved |
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Main way to sterilize things that can't be autoclaved? |
Ionizing radiation |
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Filtration |
*Decontamination vs sterilization based on pore size *Viruses usually get through *Use on chemicals/fluids that needed to be cleaned |
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Types of chemical cleaning |
*-cidal: agent that kills *-static: agent that keeps bacteria from growing *-lytic: lysis bacteria |
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Ways to quantify chemical cleaning agents? |
*Tube dilution method *Disc diffusion method |
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Tube dilution method |
Dilute chemcials into tubes and put the same number of organims in each. Finds MIC |
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MIC |
*Minimal inhibitory concentration *Minimal amount of chemical cleaning agent it takes to completely inhibit growth of bacteria *Find with Tube dilution method |
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Disc diffusion method |
*Incubate lawn culture put in disk to test many different chemicals at once *Shows relative inhibition (zone of inhibition) |
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Zone of inhibition |
Measurement of relative inhibition of chemical cleaning agents using disk diffusion method |
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Spectrum of activity |
How many different things an antibiotic will kill |
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Toxicity |
expected toxcity based on mode of action of antibiotic |
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Resistances |
Bacteria that ought to be effect are no longer effected |
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Types of antibiotics |
*Inhibit cell wall *Inhibit bacterial metabiolic pathways *Inhibit bacterial protien synthsis |
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Inhibit cell wall antibiotics |
*Mainly attack peptidoglycan (not on mycobactum) *Lots have B-lacta,s *Non toxic to us |
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Types of inhibiting cell wall antibiotics |
*Penicillin (stops transpepadation reaction) *-cillin's |
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B-lactams |
*Key structure of all -cillin's *What interfers with transpeptidation |
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Antibiotics inhibitting baterial matabolic pathways |
*Stops the unique metabiolic pathways in bacteria *Example folic acid metabolism (vitmen) l-> we need but we can intake from other sources |
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"Sulfa" drugs |
*Type of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial matabolic pathways *Some of the first antibiolics (made in 30's) *Cheap, short treatment, few sideffects, not much resistances *Looks like p-Aminobenzoic Acid so bacteria grab instead and die |
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Antibotics that inhibit protein synthsis |
*Bacteria ribosomes really different from ours, so non toxic *tetracycline and -mycins |
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Tetracycline |
*Type of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthsis *Large spectrum, non toxic |
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How do bacteria get resistances? |
*Mutations *Horizontal gene transfer |
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Types of resistances |
1. Decrease permability to drug 2. Increase efflux of drug 3. Inactivation of drug 4. Atteration of target 5. Develop alternate pathways |
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How does decreased permability happens? |
*Simple protein change *Mutation |
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Increased efflux of drug |
*Pump gets mutations and can bind to drug *R-plasmid comes in and gives bacterial cell a new pump that can pump out drug |
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Inactivation of drug |
*Very common *most common B-lactomase *Spread mostly through R-plasmid |
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Alteration of target |
*Changes its own enzymes so they don't bind to drug anymore *No commmon *Mutation |
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Develop alternate pathway |
*Use of different enymes to do the same thins as the old enymes *Mutation |
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High resistances are due to? |
Overuse of antibiotics that provide selective pressure on mutants who are resistance to drug |
