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67 Cards in this Set

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Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity

refers to antigenic response


allergen


people who have been sensitized before


Type 1: Anaphylactic 
reactions

Type 1: Anaphylactic


reactions

the opposite of protected


systemic


sensitization>bcell makes Ige Agt


IgE binds to mast/basophilles


2nd exposure: cross linking of IgE and IgA


degranulation released


rx time: 30 minutes



degranulation

release of granules and mediators in it

localized rx

localized rx

ingestion of allergen


>gastroint upset


inhaled


hives/asthma


systemic reactions

systemic reactions

injected allergens


>venoms


>certain drugs-pencillin


can lead o anaphalactic shock


goes throughout body


anapholatic


shock


indivisual sensitized to n antigen is exposed again


dramatic response


injections allergens (bees)

type 2 cytotoxic reaction

type 2 cytotoxic reaction


when you have a foreign cell


1. body produces IgG + IgM against foriegn cell


2. activates complement system


3. results in cell death


rx time: 5-12 hrs

example of cytotoxic rx: ABO grouping

example of cytotoxic rx: ABO grouping


b-circle


a-triangle


A/B -takes anything


B-only recognizes b and produces antibodies


A-only recog. A and creates b antibodies


O-universal donor/takes anything/ produces A/B antibodies


Ex. Cytotoxic Rh factor in RBC's

Ex. Cytotoxic Rh factor in RBC's


Erythroblastosis


fetalis


15% of women have this


hemolyitic disease of newborn


>Dad(RH+) +MOM(RH-)= 1st baby, but creates anitbodies against RH+


can't have another child because it anitbodies will kill baby


Prevention:artificial passive immunity


-pump them with RH Ig and body will not respond to it

Type 3: immune complex reaction

Type 3: immune complex reaction

-immune response against soluble antigens


-inbalance of antibodies(-) and antigens(+)


-complex extra escape


>insert int basement membrane and cause inflamation via NUETROPHILLES


cause damage to epithelial tissue


-rx time: 3-8hrs


example: arthiritis


type 3: immune complex reaction

type 4 :cell mediated rx

type 4 :cell mediated rx

-delayed hypersensitivity


-not mediated by antibodies


sensitization: Ag phagocytized and presented on macropahges> stimulates t cells


-results: memory cells


rx time: 7-10 days


-2nd exposure: t memory cells activate t cells/ macrophage (cell mediated immunity)


macros migrate to cite and release cytokines


rx time: 1-2 days


delay=recruitment of memory t-cells

autoimmune diseases- cytotoxic reations

-immune rx agaisnt self


1. cytotoxic immunity


>similar to hyersensitivite immunity, but no cell death IgG and IgM but no cytolysis


aid cytotoxic rx
ex. graves disease

aid cytotoxic rx


ex. graves disease

-thyroid related>release of hormones that help function


>antibody recognizes receptor and binds to it


>binding is a constant stimulate from an over production of tsh

aid cytotoxic rx
ex. myasthenia gravis
(BADDD/ LETHAL)

aid cytotoxic rx


ex. myasthenia gravis


(BADDD/ LETHAL)

-mimics cyto reaction


-progressive muscle loss eventually death


aid's immune complex

aid's immune complex


immune complex


-apart of body or antigen


-stick to tissues and chronic inflamation

aid immune complex ex) lupus

aid immune complex ex) lupus

antibodies attack dna


-inflamation


-butterfly rash


-massive lesions on skin

aids immune complex 
ex) rhuematoid arthiritis

aids immune complex


ex) rhuematoid arthiritis

-factor circulating in the blood


-igGand IgM complements are deposited in joints


-disfiguring


aid cell mediated
ex)  hashimotos disease

aid cell mediated


ex) hashimotos disease

-cell mediated


-like grave but opposite


-t cells attack thyroid


-inflamation


-enlarged thyroids

aid cell mediated
ex) multiple sclerosis

aid cell mediated


ex) multiple sclerosis

-healthy cell coated with myelene sheath helps signal down axon be moved


-t cells attack myelene sheath


-progressive disease


-loss of feeling and function

congenital immune difficency


(SCID)

congenital immune difficency


(SCID)

Immunodeficiency disorders are a group of disorders in which part of the immune system is missing or defective. Therefore, the body'sability to fight infections is impaired. As a result, the person with an immunodeficiency disorder will have frequent infections that aregenerally more severe and last longer than usual.

Compare and contrast Congenital and Aquired immune disorders

Congenital is when part of immune system or is missing a part of immune system that effects the way the body fights infetions


-HIV is an aquied infection that also impairs the immune system which created an "aquired immune system defficency"

pluripotent

from totipotent cells; can generate many cell types from 3 germ layers

multipotent cells

can generate related cell types


ie) hematopioetic stemm cells = blood and lymph cells

unipotent

cells that can only generate one cell type, but can regenerate

totipotent

first few cells that are from a fused sperm and egg; capable of generating tissue types

nervous system 

nervous system

> 2 parts: CNS/ PNS


>Brain/ spinal cord is where most of infections start


meningitis

infection of the meninges

encephalitis

infection of the brain

What are the two infections that cause the most death? (CNS)


menegitis/ encephilitis

blood-brain barrier

capalaries that are next to brain could be leaky or cross into the brain, so this is how itprotects the brain

central nervous system

central nervous system

brain/ spinal cord


most infectiuons take place

PNS

PNS

peripheral nervous system

meninges and cerebralspinal fluid

meninges and cerebralspinal fluid

-meninges-


>protect the spinal cord and the brain


>3 main layers


-cerebrolspinal fluid-


>suck out the fluid to see pathogens

etiologies(causes) of bacterial meningitis

streptococcus pneumoniae(30-50%)


Nessiriameningitis (15-40%)


haimphilus influenza(2-7)


>hiv vaccinated against

neiserria meningitidis


 

neiserria meningitidis


causes meningitis( BIGGEST)


gram negativecocci


symptoms due to endotoxin


>rash/ fever/hearing loss/


>soar throat causes or leads to menningitis


could resultin brain damage/death


treatment:


>antibiotics- pennicilin/ ampicillin


>because antibitoics work againstthis bacteria


clostridium botulism

Symptoms


>due to botulisim exotoxins (A,B,C)


>Flaccid paralysis/ blurred vision/ nausea/ no fever


can recoverdependingon coccus effect


Treatment:


> trivalent botulism antitoxin



Myobacterium


Leparae (Leprosy or Hansen's Disease)

Myobacterium


Leparae (Leprosy or Hansen's Disease)

Symptoms:


-tuberculoid (also causes tb)


-perfiferal prganism


-infects PNS


-shows skin immune reaction


-manifestin nerves and skin


Lepradomatus:


-skin cells


-disfiguring nodules(finders/ feet)


-less immune response


-tissue neccrosis

poliovirus-Poliomyelitis


 

poliovirus-Poliomyelitis


viruses


fecal to oral virus


attacks gi tract


cause mild flu like symptoms


goes in moto nuerons


-kills motor nuerons


used iron lungs to help patients breath


Skin

larges organ of the body


1st line of defense


dry membrane


epidermis/derimis


epidermis

thin outer portion


layers of epithelial


stratum corneum> dead cells and has a waterproofing protein called keratin


effective against microorganisms


dermis

-thick portion of skin


-connective tissue


-hair follicles/sweat gland ducts/oil glad ducts ---- --make it easier for microorganisms to penetrate and spread



presperation

provides nutrients for microbial growth


salt inhibits many microorganisms


lysoszome in sweat break down cell walls and antimicrobial peptides


sebum

secreted by oil glands


is a mixture of lipids/protiens/salt that prevent hair and skin from drying out


also nutritive for microorganisms


eye

lacrimal canals


lacrimal glands


eyelid


nasolacrimal canal


nose


cont. of skin/ mucous membrane




conjuctiva

thin mucous covering over eyeball


replacing skin


where pathogens infect

skin/ eye diseases causes

causes:


-direct pentration


-hematogenus spread of pathogen


-continuous manifestation of disease

skin/eye disease classified anatomical level of infection

-superficial


-deep ( necrotising factitiis)


-lesion type important for diagnosis


lesion important for diagnosis



circulatory system

circulatory system

blood vessels


-areteries (away)


-viens (too heart)


-cappallaries


infection can do anything in blood stream



lymphatic system

lymphatic system

wbc


extra fluid is taken to lymph cappalaries


lymp capps


-take fluid back tolymphnoids


- where wbc see pathogens


Lymphangitis

Lymphangitis

inflamation of lymphatic systen


-growth of organism in blood vessels


endocardisis

inflamation of heart


infective endocardisis

clots accumilate of heart valve which leads to vegitation


(-) of endocarditis


>circulating immune complexes


>continuousbacterimia


>metastatic focus of infection


>bits of vegitation can fall off producing clots that could clog blood vessels


infective subacute endocarditis

infective subacute endocarditis

symptoms


-fever


-heartmurmur


-fibrin platelet vegetation( plateletes trapped in them)

HIV

leads to aids


rna revers transcriptase


>rna to dna and sticks into chromosome


retrovirus


gp120


-portion of the virus that targets host cell binding to CD4 cells(CXCR4)



hiv latent vs. Active infection

latent


-no signs or symptoms (just replicating and hiding


active


-triggered to activate


-something that triggers it and is unknown


-uses plasma membrane to make enevelope


(cell death)

hiv in macrophages

same thing happens in macrophages


-hangsout in vacuole


-never is completely digested and evades cell


stages of hiv infection

look atpowerpint slide it will explain raise in tcells >dramatic drop because cd4 are infected> hiv in blood goes to low levels because they hide in cells and macrophages

category c hiv

aids


cd4 is 200/ ml of blood


digestive system

acess to all your organs

dental decay

s mutans in plaque>produces acid> decay

peridontal disease

same concept as dental decay except you get gingivitis> chronic gingavitis> chronic inflamstion= tissue death> gums deteriorate

stphylococcal food poisioning

-don't get sick from bacteria you get sick from the toxins theyproduce


>food cooked> somone with staph touches it>organisms sit at room temp> person eats toxins created on food

hepatitis transmitted

A/B=feacl to oral


c= injection


giardia lambias

spore former


hard to get rid of almost impposible

upper respiratory infection includes


and diseases

sinuses/ nasal cavity/ ear/ tonsils/ pharnyx


-pharyngitis


-laryngitis


-sinusitis


-tonsilitis


-epiglottitis

Lower respiratory infections include and examples of diseases

bronchioles/ lungs/ hear/ aveoli


-TB


-Bronchitis


_whooping cough


-