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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Signs vs. Symptoms of a disease
Signs: objective changes that can be measured and observed

Symptoms: changes in body function felt by the patient
Capsid vs. Nucleocapsid of a virus
Capsid: protein coat around nucleic cids

Nucleocapsid: capsid + enclosed nucleic acids
Bacteremia vs. septicemia
Bacteremia: presence of bacteria in the blood

septecemia: growth of bacteria/ proliferation of bacteria in the blood
Pandemic?
world wide epidemic
exotoxins
toxins excreted by bacteria into the environment.
made of proteins, targets specific tissues, potent, suceptible to heat.
endotoxins
toxins located w/in the cell wall of gram - bacteria. made of lipids, non-specific, not suceptible to heat, only released when bacteria dies.
toxins vs. toxoids
toxin: active toxin

toxoid: inactivated toxin - no longer toxic - used in vaccinations.
Zoonosis?
disease that occurs in animals but can be transmitted to humans.
propogated epidemic vs. common-source epidemic
propogated: stems from communicable agent - is passed from person to person.

Common-source: stems from 1 source- everone gets sick all at once & then it goes away. Is not communicible
Name the 3 general modes of transmission of an infectious agent:
contact, vector, or vehicle transmission
Which viruses become latent in nerve cells in an infected individual?
Herpes and Varicella/Zoster
What viruses can cause cancer/tumor formation?
Hep. B & C, Epstein-Barr virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Retroviruses.
Name a dble stranded RNA virus:
Rotavirus (is a Reovirus)
normal flora vs. transient flora:
normal: orgs. that establish permanant residence w/o causing disease.

Transient: orgs. that come & go
What are the viral proteins on the surface of viral envelopes called?
spikes
What are the three types of viral capsids?
icosahedral (3-d), helical (looks like a cylinder), and complex (phage).
What is a capsomere?
individual protein units that make up the capsid
What do togaviruses, flaviviruses, Equine encephalitis virus, Yellow fever virus, and Dengue fever virus have in common?
they are all transmitted by an insect vector.
What is a 2ndary infection?
an infection caused by an oppertunist only after the 1ry infection has weakened the host's defenses.
What is an inapparent (subclinical) infection?
an infection that does not cause an apparent infection.
What is unique about the Retroviruses?
They have reverse transcriptinase that makes an DNA copy of the viral RNA, then the newly created viral DNA integrates into the host DNA.
What are Koch's Postulates used for?
to demonstrate that a specific microorg. is the cause of a specific disease
What is SSPE? What causes it?
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

caused by the measles. Is a slow agent-incubation time of 6-10 yrs. Always fatal.
What 3 infectious diseases are caused by bacteria that are lysogens?
Scarlet fever, diptheria, botulism
Name a virus that has a wide host range:
Influenza
Name 3 viruses that have a narrow host range - only infecting humans:
measles, smallpox, ruebella
Name viruses that cause Hemorrhagic fevers:
Filoviruses and Bunyaviruses (specifically Ebola and Hantavirus)
What do viroids consist of?
an infectious agent made only of RNA. only found in plants.
What is a Prion? Name a few:
protinatious infectious particles. ex: kuru, scrapie, mad-cow,
Systemic infection vs. local infection:
systemic: large, generalized infection

Local: small, localized infection
Name ex. of communicible diseases:
influenza, rhinoviruses
Name ex. of non-communicible diseases:
Legionaires, Botulism
What binds to receptors?
Ligands
Name the 2 general ways microorgs. can cause disease:
just by colonization (invasion/growth)

by the production of toxins
Name 2 ways bacteria can evade phagocytosis in the host:
by having a capsule

by possessing cell wall components that resist digestion
What are parenteral routes of infection? Name exsamples:
infection caused when a microorg. is deposited beneath the skin. ex: bites, punctures, injections, insect bites
What are non-living resivoirs of infection?
soil & water
What is a formite?
an inanimate object that passes along an infectious agent. ex: toys, doorknobs, etc.
what are the 3 categories of transmission by vehicle?
waterborne, foodborne, and airborne
airborne transmission vs. direct contact droplet transmission
airborne: greater than 1 meter

Direct: less than 1 meter
reservoir of infection?
place where infections agent perpetuates itself
morbidity vs. mortality rates
morbidity: # of cases of disease per 100K people

Mortality: # of deaths per 100K people
endemic vs. epidemic:
endemic: disease that is always present @ a low level in a certain population

epidemic: increase in the # of cases of a disease in a certain population
acute vs. chronic carriers:
acute: people who are actively infected w/ the infectious agent

chronic: still infected but show only mild symptoms
opportunistic pathogen:
a microorg. that doesn't usually cause disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances.
focal infection:
a local infection that enters the blood or lymph & spreads all through the host.
prophage vs. provirus:
prophage: page (bacterial) DNA inserted into host DNA

Provirus: Viral DNA inserted into host DNA
enveloped virus:
a virus with a membrane envelope
What is an index case?
the 1st person to come down with an infection/disease
nosocomial infection:
an infection aquired in a medical facility
isolation vs. quarantine
isolation: 1 sick person

quarantine: sick person + everyone who has had contact with them
biological vs. mechanical vector:
biological: a living thing that becomes a HOST for the org. and then passes it to something else

Mechanical: living things that just transport the org., but don't become a host.
vertical vs. horizontal contract transmission:
vertical: ONLY MOM to CHILD via milk, blood, etc.

horizontal: any touch between people that transmits disease.
endogenous vs. exogenous sources of infection:
endo: comes from w/in the patient themselves - like an oppertunistic infection

Exo: comes from outside the patient. (others, the environment, etc.)
leukocidin
bacterial enzyme that kills WBCs
Hemolysins
bacterial enzymes that lyse/kill RBCs
Collagenases
bacterial enzymes that break down collagen
Bacterial Kinases
bacterial enzymes that dissolve clots in the blood
Coagulases
bacterial enzymes that clot the blood
Hyaluronidases
bacterial enzymes that break down hyluronic acid
5 phases of infection:
Incubation: time b/twn actual infection & 1st symptoms

Prodromal period: mild symptoms

Period of Illness: overt, strong symptoms

Period of Decline: signs & sympts. subside

Period of Convalescence:
patient regains pre-diseased state
5 steps in a productive viral infection:
Adsorption: attatchment

Penetration: viral nucleic acid gets into host cell

Biosynthesis: virus takes over & uses host DNA to make viral "parts"

Maturation: assembly of new viruses

Release: host cell lyses & releases new viruses
Name the 3 symbiotic relationships:
Commensalism: 1 org. bebefits, 1 is unaffected

Mutualism: both orgs. benefit

Parasitism: 1 org. benefits at the expense of the other
name some exotoxins:
tetanus - neurotoxin
cholera - enterotoxin