Microbiology Chapters 1 - 5

Front 1

The electrons constantly rotate around the nucleous in pathways.

Back 1

Orbitals

Front 2

What is equal to the number of protons and neutrons combined?

Back 2

Atomic mass number

Front 3

What is used in the diagnosis and treatment of many medical conditions?

Back 3

Radioisotopes

Front 4

What is the substance resulting from the combination of two or more atoms?

Back 4

a molecule

Front 5

What are two or more elements called?

Back 5

a compound

Front 6

What is the sharing of a pair of electrons called?

Back 6

covalent bonds

Front 7

An example of a single covalent bond is?

Back 7

Hydrogen

Front 8

What is the sharing or two pairs of elections called?

Back 8

double covalent

Front 9

What is a molecule that has an asymmetrical distribution of charges is described as?

Back 9

polar

Front 10

The bond of asymmetrical distributed charges is called?

Back 10

polar bond

Front 11

What is it called when atoms of electrically neutral molecules resulting from equal sharing of electron pairs called?

Back 11

non-polar

Front 12

The bond resulting from equal sharing of electron pairs called?

Back 12

non-polar bond

Front 13

What is the combination of sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride called?

Back 13

ionic bonding

Front 14

What are positively charged ions called?

Back 14

cations

Front 15

What are negatively charged ions called?

Back 15

anions

Front 16

What is formed when due to the electrostatice attraction between semi-positively charged hydrogen atoms covalently bond to an oxygen or nitrogen atom?

Back 16

Hydrogen bond

Front 17

What is an example of a polar water molecule?

Back 17

2 drops of water between 2 sheets of paper, making the bond makes the 2 sheets stick together.

Front 18

A Ph less than "7" is?

Back 18

Acidic

Front 19

A Ph greater than "7" is?

Back 19

Basic

Front 20

What are carbohydrates composed primarily of?

Back 20

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Front 21

The breakdown of polysaccharide molecules requires addition of water molecule to break the bond between adjacent monosaccharide molecules is called what type of reaction?

Back 21

Hydrolysis reaction

Front 22

What are the building blocks or proteins?

Back 22

amino acid molecules

Front 23

What is each amino acid composed of?

Back 23

a carbon atom linked to an amine group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen group and a variable R group.

Front 24

What is the result of the release of a water molecule as a byproduct of the reaction?

Back 24

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Front 25

What are the 4 levels of organization associated with the actual spatial conformation of a functional peptide chain?

Back 25

1. primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
4. quartenary structure

Front 26

What structure of the protein is the actual sequence of amino acid molecules composing the peptide chain?

Back 26

primary structure

Front 27

Which structure of a protein has either an alpha helix formation which coils into a helical formation or a beta pleated formation that folds into an accordian formation?

Back 27

secondary structure

Front 28

Which structure of a protein folds back on itself in a precise manner?

Back 28

tertiary structure

Front 29

Which structure of a protein has a precise arrangement of multiple peptide chains?

Back 29

quartenary structure

Front 30

What is composed of one glycerol molecule bound to 3 fatty acid molucules?

Back 30

triglyceride

Front 31

All bonds of the hydrocarbon chain that are single bonds are called?

Back 31

Saturated fatty acids

Front 32

Bonds containing one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are called?

Back 32

Unsaturated fatty acids

Front 33

What are the 5 basic procedures used to manipulate, grow, examine and charachterize microorganisms in the lab?

Back 33

1. Inoculation
2. Incubation
3. Isolation
4. Inspection
5. Identification

Front 34

Which process in which a specimen is collected allows the microorganisms to grow and multiple?

Back 34

Inoculation

Front 35

Which process is used when placing the specimen into a temperature controlled environment?

Back 35

Incubation

Front 36

Which process is used when a pure culture is obtained?

Back 36

Isolation

Front 37

Which culture is one that contains growth of a single species?

Back 37

a pure culture

Front 38

Which culture is one that contains more than one species?

Back 38

a mixed culture

Front 39

Which procedure is used to observe, particular growth characteristics such as color, size, shape, texture, motility...

Back 39

Inspection

Front 40

Which procedure is used to determine the actual type of microbe, usally to the species level?

Back 40

Identification

Front 41

Which solidifying agent thickens but does not produce a solid, firm substate?

Back 41

geletin or agar

Front 42

What water-based solution does not solidify at temperatures above freezing?

Back 42

Liquid media

Front 43

Which media exhibits a clot-like consistency at room temperature?

Back 43

semisolid media

Front 44

Which media provides a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies?

Back 44

solid media.

Front 45

Which media is solid at room temperature but liquid when boiled?

Back 45

liquefiable solid media

Front 46

Which media is solid both before and after heat sterilization?

Back 46

non-liquefiable solid media

Front 47

Which media is used to demonstrate or differintiate certain charachteristics of the microbes grown on them?

Back 47

Specific culture media

Front 48

Which media is designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes?

Back 48

General-purpose media

Front 49

Which medium contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors?

Back 49

enriched medium

Front 50

Which medium contains one or more ingredients that inhibit the growth or certain microbes, but not others?

Back 50

selective medium

Front 51

Which media support the growth of several types of microorganisms and are designed to allow observations of visible differences based on differing characteristics or properties among microbes?

Back 51

Differential media

Front 52

What is the bending or changing the angle of the light ray as it passis through a medium such as a lens called?

Back 52

refraction

Front 53

The degree of enlargement is called?

Back 53

power of magnification

Front 54

The objective lens forms the initial image of the specimen called?

Back 54

real image

Front 55

The ocular lens forms a second image called?

Back 55

virtual image

Front 56

Do the shorter wavelenghts or longer wavelengths create a better resolution?

Back 56

shorter

Front 57

Which microscope utilizes visible light that is transmitted trough the specimen?

Back 57

bright-field microscope

Front 58

Which microscope has an added special condenser that blocks all light from entering the objective lens except the peripheral light reflected off the sides of the specimen itself?

Back 58

dark-field microscope

Front 59

Which microscope would be useful in examining cells and organisms that would be distorted by drying or heating or cannot be stained be usual stain methods?

Back 59

dark-field microscope

Front 60

Which microscope is used to examine details of specimens with little variation in density and optical quality?

Back 60

phase-contrast microscope

Front 61

Which microscope provides a detailed view of unstained, live specimens?

Back 61

differential interference contrast microscope

Front 62

Which microscope utilizes an ultraviolet radiation source rather than visible light?

Back 62

fluorescence microscope

Front 63

Which microscope through its use kills the specimen but shows the entire image used such as a virus?

Back 63

fluorescence microscope

Front 64

Which microscope utilizes a beam of electrons that can be made to travel in wavelike patterns and kills bacteria?

Back 64

electron microscope

Front 65

What would be the power of magnification on a compound microscope if the ocular lens was 10x and the high powe robjective lens had a magnification of 60x?

Back 65

600x

Front 66

What do Acid-Fast bacteria contain that prevents them from being stained by regular staining?

Back 66

Mycolic Acid

Front 67

Which of the following stains is not a differential stain? Gram, acid-fast, endospore, nucleic acid, flagellar?

Back 67

Nucleic acid

Front 68

What type of microscopy allows for the visualization of internal components within live, unstained specimens?

Back 68

phase-contrast

Front 69

When a microscopic image is brightly illuminated, but is surrounded by a black field, what type of microscope is being used?

Back 69

Dark-field

Front 70

Which of the following is defined as the ability to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another in a microscopic specimen?

Back 70

resolution

Front 71

Cultivation of fastidious microorganisms requires the use of what type of media?

Back 71

enriched

Front 72

For what purpose are semisolid media used?

Back 72

determination of motility of a culture

Front 73

Which of the "Five I's" promotes multiplication of microbes over a period of hours, days, or weeks?

Back 73

incubation

Front 74

The life cycle of the protozoa consists of 2 stages, one in which the cells need food to remain active and the other in which the lie dormant, what are these two stages called?

Back 74

Trophozoite, cyst

Front 75

Most fungi exist in wither mold or yeast form, but there are a few which exist in both forms depending on the temperature in which they are in, they are called?

Back 75

Dimorphic fungi

Front 76

Filamentous fungi form long, threadlike extensions know as what?

Back 76

Hyhpae

Front 77

Which of the following is correct regarding chloroplasts? a. they are primary producers of organic nutrients b. they are found in algai and plant cells c. Oxygen gas is produced as a by-product of their activities d. They convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis e. all of the above

Back 77

all of the above

Front 78

There are many differences between pfokarayotes and eukaryotes, which of the following are NOT found in eukaryotic animal cells? a. Cell wall b. Nucleus c. Ribosomes d. Endoplasmic reticulum e. mitochondia

Back 78

cell wall

Front 79

Where is the site for the protein modification in eukaryotes?

Back 79

Golgi apparatus

Front 80

Which of the following eukatyotic organells originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and allows fot the transportation of materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and ultimately to the cell's exterior?

Back 80

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 81

What statement regarding prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella is correct? a. both are the same thickness b. the structure of both are identical c. both posess an external covering d. the motion of both types are the same. e. both function in locomotion.

Back 81

both function in locomotion

Front 82

What is not a cyptoplasmic organelle present in all eukaryotic organisms?

Back 82

cytoskeleton

Front 83

Bacteria semm to have particular arrangements that they like to be in, cocci esp. have mulitple arrangments, which of the following is NOT one of those arrangements? a. single b. diplococci c. palisades arrangement d. tetrads e. chains

Back 83

single

Front 84

In categorizing the shapes of the bacteria, there are some bacteria which are spherical or ball-shaped. The term for this shape of bacteria is?

Back 84

coccus

Front 85

Gram negative bacteria are know to have an outer membrane and a larger periplasmic space than their counterpart gram positive bacteria, what substance within that periplasmic space causes it to release its endotoxin?

Back 85

Lipid A

Front 86

How many chromosomes do bacteria possess?

Back 86

1

Front 87

Why are encapsulated bacteria generally more pathogenic than unencapsulated strains?

Back 87

because the capsule helps prevent phagocyte attachment to the organism

Front 88

Bacterium use flagella to move in response to chemical signals, the term for this is called?

Back 88

chemotaxis

Front 89

What type of appendage may be responsible for the formation of biofilms?

Back 89

glycocalyx

Front 90

In peritrichous arrangement of flagella, how are the glagella distributed over the organism?

Back 90

multiple flagella randomly dispersed over the cell surface

Front 91

Which component is not found in the cytoplasm of the majority of prokaryotes?

Back 91

capsule

Front 92

What organisms are thought to be the most similar to the first cells on earth?

Back 92

archae

Front 93

DNA differs from the RNA because DNA

Back 93

contains thymine in place of uracil

Front 94

Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be?

Back 94

unsaturated

Front 95

The primary structure of a protein is?

Back 95

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

Front 96

Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides joined by _________ bonds called glycosidic bonds. Glycosidic bonds are formed by a _______________ _______ reaction in which two adjacent monosaccharide molecules are joined with release of a water molecule as a by-product of the reaction.

Back 96

covalent, dehydration reaction

Front 97

Which of the following is not one of the four main families of organic compounds?

Back 97

monosaccharides

Front 98

Which of the following sttemnts about pH is true?

Back 98

an increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units

Front 99

Which of the following statements regarding hydrogen bonds is correct?

Back 99

they are strong bonds

Front 100

Which of the following defines a molecule?

Back 100

a chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

Front 101

Table salt is formed when

Back 101

sodium and chlorine share electrons to form a bond

Front 102

The reactivity of an atom is determined by its:

Back 102

Valence electrons

Front 103

An uncharged atom of Boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does Boron have?

Back 103

5

Front 104

What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 electrons and 6 neutrons?

Back 104

12

Front 105

A ______________ forms when two atoms share electrons?

Back 105

covalent bond

Front 106

Who was the scientist credited with discovering heat-resistant bacterial endospores?

Back 106

Ferdinand Cohn

Front 107

The hierarchy of taxonomy was developed over 100 years ago, but it is used to the present day, which of the following hierachy of taxa in descending order is correct??

Back 107

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Front 108

The traditional Whitaker system of classification places all living organisms into one of five basic kingdoms: which of the following is not one of those kingdoms?

Back 108

viruses

Front 109

Using the correct Latin nomenclature in assigning an organism a name, which of the following examples is the correct way in assigning a name?

Back 109

Staphylococcal aureaus

Front 110

Which of the following about microbes is false?

Back 110

microorganisms are not involved in the breakdown of dead orgainc material and wastes into simple compounds

Front 111

Genetic Engineering is a branch of microbiology that involves:

Back 111

technology involve techniques that intentionally alter the genetic composition of organisms in order to mass produce human hormones and other drugs.

Front 112

What is the branch of microbiology that involves complexities of chemicals and cells that are produced in response to infection

Back 112

Immunology

Front 113

What is Archaea?

Back 113

Most primitive or ancient, living organism. Occupies the most extreme environments.

Front 114

Four members of the Archaea?

Back 114

Methanogens - convert carbon dioxide inhabitants of anaerobic swamp, mud, bottom sediments of lakes and oceans. Contribute to the "greenhouse" effect. J=Halophiles - require salt to grow. Exist in inland seas, salt lakes, salt mines, and salted fish. Hyperthermophilic - live in volcanic waters and soils, submarine vetns and other extreme habitants. Can grow in temperatures up to 250 degrees C.

Front 115

What prokatyotic function allows the cell to swim freely through aqueous habitat?

Back 115

Flagella

Front 116

What is monotrichous?

Back 116

Single flagella

Front 117

What is lophotrichous?

Back 117

small bunches of flagella emerging from the same site (like an octopus)

Front 118

What is amphitrichous?

Back 118

flagella at both poles of the cell.

Front 119

What is axial filaments?

Back 119

Internal flagella enclosed in th eperiplasmi space between the cell wal and cell membrane.

Front 120

What is pili and fimbriae?

Back 120

appendages on the bacterial cell surface that provide some type of adhesion but not locomotion.

Front 121

Fimbriae have a tendency to do what?

Back 121

stick to each other and to other surfaces.

Front 122

What shape are pili?

Back 122

elongated, tubular structure.

Front 123

What is conjugation?

Back 123

involves partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another.

Front 124

What is the cell envelope?

Back 124

A chemically complex covering

Front 125

What surrounds the cytomplasm?

Back 125

the cell envelope

Front 126

What are the three layers of the cell envelope?

Back 126

glycocalyx, cell wall and cell membrane

Front 127

What is the outer coating that protects the cell and helps it to adhere to its environment?

Back 127

glycocalyx

Front 128

What provides strong structural support necessary to prevent bursting or collapsing due to changes in osmotic pressure?

Back 128

cell wall

Front 129

What is Gram positive?

Back 129

composed of thick homogeneous sheet of peptidoglycan. but is more penetrable and have two layers.

Front 130

What is Gram negative?

Back 130

Has 3 layers, thinner peptidoglycan layer.

Front 131

What is a major function of the cell membrane?

Back 131

regulate the passage of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wastes from the cell. It's semipermeable.

Front 132

What is the dense gelatinous solution encased within the cell membrane?

Back 132

cytoplasm

Front 133

What enables the bacteria to withstand harsh, hostile conditions, and survive for leng periods of time?

Back 133

endospores

Front 134

Which bacteria are spherical or ball shaped, oval, bean shaped or slightly pointed?

Back 134

cocci

Front 135

Which bacteria is cylindrical (longer than wide), clubbed or drumstick shaped?

Back 135

bacilli

Front 136

Which bacteria look like rods that are curved?

Back 136

Vibrios

Front 137

Which bacteria has the shape of a curviform or spiral shaped cylinder, twisted twice or more?

Back 137

spirilla

Front 138

Which bacteria exhibits variation in size and shape?

Back 138

pleomorphism

Front 139

What color is Gram positive?

Back 139

purple

Front 140

What color is Gram negative?

Back 140

red

Front 141

Prokaryotics consist of what three things?

Back 141

a cell membrane , cytoplasm and appendages.

Front 142

A difference between gram + and gram - ?

Back 142

Gram + is exotoxins - outside the cell. Gram - is endotoxin - inside the cell.

Front 143

What is chemotaxis?

Back 143

When a flagellar bacteria can detect and move in response to chemical signals. Positive chemotaxis is movement of a cell in the direction of a fovorable chemical stimulus; Negatice chemotaxis is movement away from a repellant (potentially harmful) compound.

Front 144

What are tiny particles that give a stippled appearance to the cytoplasm and are the staging area for protein synthesis?

Back 144

Ribosomes

Front 145

What consists of a stack of flattened disc shaped sacs called cysternae?

Back 145

Golgi apparatus

Front 146

What are the primary sites for aerobic cellulat respiration extracted from nutrient molecules and stored in the form of high-energy molecules (ATP).

Back 146

mitochondria

Front 147

What are membrane-enclosed sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted or stored?

Back 147

vacuoles

Front 148

Name the organelles present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm.

Back 148

cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochodria, enoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vaculoes, cytoskeleton and glycocalyx.

Front 149

What is the difference between the eukaryotic flagella and the prokaryotes?

Back 149

eukaryotic flagella are thicker and more structurally complex, quicker, dont' have a cell wall. Prokaryotic flagella don't have cilia, are single cell organisms, they have a cell envelope, cytoplasm and appendages.

Front 150

What transports material from the cuvleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cell's exterior?

Back 150

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 151

Organisms that exhibit variations in growth form are called?

Back 151

dimorphic fungi

Front 152

What are cholorplasts?

Back 152

Organelles found in algae and plant cells that are cpable of convertin energy from sunlight into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.

Front 153

'what are Hyphae?

Back 153

Long thread-like cells which compose the bodies of filamentous fungi called molds.

Front 154

What is pseudohyphae?

Back 154

Is a chain of yeast formed when buds remain attached in a row.

Front 155

Where are proteins finalized in a eukaryotic cell?

Back 155

lysosomes or for transport outside of the cell.

Front 156

What are biofilms and capsules and what ae they made of?

Back 156

biofilm is a slime layer that protects them from loss of water and nutrients. Capsules that are more tightly bound and have a thicker, sticky consistence that gives mucoid character to the colonies of encapsulated bacteria.