Microbiology Chapter 1 Intro

Front 1

Microorganisms

Back 1

are minute living things that individually are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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Organism

Back 2

Living Being

Front 3

Germ

Back 3

Latin: refers to a rapidly growing cell

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Benefits
of Microorganisms

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Decompose organic waste (bacteria and fungi)

Oxygen and carbohydrate producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis (algae)

Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone (yeasts and bacteria)

Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread (fungi: molds and yeasts

Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin)

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Linnaeus (1735-1857)

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established the system of scientific nomenclature.
Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet (species).

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Gram+
describes the clustered arrangement of the cells and the golden color of the colonies.
skin

Staphylo: cluster
coccus : round
aureus : golden color

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Escherichia coli

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Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon.

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4 Types of Microorganisms

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1. Bacteria (4)
2.Archaea
3.Eucaryotic
4.Viruses

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Bacteria 4 Types

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1.eubacteria
2.mycoplasma
3.rickettsia
4.chlamydia

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eubacteria

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“true” bacteria
peptidoglycan cell wall and
can use organic or inorganic chemicals or even sunlight as an energy source
use organic carbon source or inorganic CO2

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Mycoplasma

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once classified with eubacteria but lack a cell wall

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Rickettsia

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metabolically deficient — no glycolysis
intracellular parasite

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Chlamydia

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metabolically deficient — no glycolysis
no Krebs Cycle
intracellular parasite

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Rickettsia

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metabolically deficient — no glycolysis
intracellular parasite

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Archaea

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unicellular, procaryotic cell
differ from bacteria
primitive bacteria live in extreme conditions

no peptidoglycan in cell walls
live in extreme environments
Include:
methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles

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Procaryotic

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No Nucleus

Front 17

Pyrodictium abysii

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grows in deep ocean sediment at 110ºC near volcanos
disc shaped cells with a network of tubules

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3 types of Eucaryotic organisms

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1. Fungi
2.Protozoa and Algae
3. Helminths

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Fungi

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Molds [multicellular] and Yeasts [unicellular]
all eucaryotic

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Protozoa and Algae

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unicellular, eucaryotic
Ex. amoeba , pond algae (volvox)

Front 21

Helminths

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parasitic flatworms and roundworms:
multicellular, eucaryotic
not strictly microorganisms – medical importance
ex. tapeworm

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Viruses

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acellular
consist of DNA or RNA core
core is surrounded by a protein coat
coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
adenovirus – naked
HSV - enveloped
viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
May be either infectious or inactive, never dead or alive

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Antoni valn Leeuwenhoek

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identified three shapes
rods, cocci, spiral
animacules
described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

“idle curiosities” - animacules

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spontaneous generation

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The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter ;a “vital force’ Forms life.

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biogenesis

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living organisms arise from preexisting life

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John Needham

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put boiled nutrient broth (sterile) into covered flasks and microbes appeared
• claimed he proved spontaneous generation of microbes, but....
flasks were not sterile

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

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boiled nutrient solutions in flasks and sealed the flask ......no microbial growth

• concluded biogenesis and not spontaneous generation gave rise to microbial life
(exception: no oxygen which is vital for life)

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Louis Pasteur
(Biogenesis)

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Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.

Proved biogenesis :life from life

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Louis Pasteur
(Accomplishments)

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1. yeasts are responsible for fermentation (conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine)

2. bacteria and wild yeasts use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)

3. developed application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization to kill bacteria and and yeasts

4. microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of meat

5. believed microbes caused disease and Postulated Germ Theory of Disease

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Dr. Semmelwise

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advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

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Dr. Snow

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traced source of cholera to water pump.

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Dr. Lister

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used a chemical disinfectant (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

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Robert Koch

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provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) and provided the experimental steps.

Koch’s Postulates used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

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Edward Jenner

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inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.

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Chemotherapeutic agents

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used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics; produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

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Paul Ehrlich

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developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
Sulfonamides were synthesized.

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Penicillin

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Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.

He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed Staphylococcus aureus.

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Antibiotics

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microbial metabolic product that has antimicrobial activity.

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Bacteriology

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study of bacteria.

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Mycology

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study of fungi.

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Parasitology

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study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

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Immunology

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study of immunity to prevent and cure disease

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Virology

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the study of viruses

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normal microbiota

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bacteria that live on or inside the body
benefit or harm
depends on resistance

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Biofilm

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mixed population of microorganisms growing on a water — solid interface. ex: rock or tree stump in lake or river and in the body on membrane lining bronchi (ex. Pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis patient. Plaque)

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planktonic:

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suspension and pure culture: one type of bacterium
unlike biofilms