Microbiology Chapter 1, 3, 4, 5

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

Study organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Front 2

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 2

The first to observe bacteria

Front 3

Louis Pasteur

Back 3

Father of modern microbiology, refuted spontaneous generation by a series of experiments

Front 4

Role of microorganisms

Back 4

Together with viruses have killed far more people in the world than war however life could not exist without them

Front 5

Role of microorganisms

Back 5

Production of nitrogen and O2, decomposers, food and alcohol production, bioremediation

Front 6

Bioremediation

Back 6

The use of living organisms to degrade environmental pollutants

Front 7

Genetic engineering

Back 7

Introduction of genes from one organism into an unrelated organism to confer new properties on that organism (the manipulation of genes)

Front 8

Gene therapy

Back 8

Viruses being studied as means of delivering genes into humans to correct conditions such as cystic fibrosis, heart disease and cancer

Front 9

Domains

Back 9

Three major groups of living organisms:
bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya

Front 10

Bacteria

Back 10

Single-celled Prokaryotes with no nucleus
-- genetic information stored in DNA
-- specific shapes have mostly cylindrical or spherical
-- rigid cell walls
-- multiply by binary fission

Front 11

Archaea

Back 11

Single-celled Prokaryotes with no nucleus
-- multiply by binary fission
-- rigid cell walls
-- DO NOT HAVE PETIDOGLYCAN
-- ability to grow in extreme environments: extreme hot/cold, presence of large amounts of salt

Front 12

Eucarya

Back 12

All members of the living world except Prokaryotes
-- consist of eukaryotic cells
-- algae, fungi, protozoa

Front 13

Algae

Back 13

Diverse group of eukaryotes
-- single/multicellular
-- many different shapes and sizes
-- contain chloroplasts
-- derive energy from sunlight
-- found near water surfaces
-- rigid cell wall

Front 14

Fungi

Back 14

Diverse group of eukaryotes
-- singular/multicellular
-- -- single -- East
-- -- Multi -- moles
-- gain energy from organic materials
-- mostly online

Front 15

Protozoa

Back 15

Diverse group of microscopic, single-celled organisms
-- live in both water and on land
-- complex and larger than Prokaryotes
-- no rigid cell wall
-- major feature of classification is means of locomotion

Front 16

Binomial system of classification

Back 16

Two word naming system:
-- first word -- Genus (always capitalized)
-- second word -- species in (not capitalized)
-- both always italicized or underlined
-- members of the same species may vary resulting in strain designations

Front 17

Agents

Back 17

Non-living: viruses, viroids, prions

Front 18

Viruses

Back 18

Consist of a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein current
-- need to reproduce copies of themselves in order to exist
-- can only multiply inside living host cells
-- inactive outside of the host
-- considered obligate intracellular parasites
-- frequently kill the cells in which they multiply
-- can exist harmonious within the host cell without causing obvious ill effects

Front 19

Viroids

Back 19

Simpler than viruses
-- single, short piece of nucleic acid, specifically RNA, without a protective coat
-- much smaller than viruses
-- can only reproduce inside cells
-- cause a number of plant diseases

Front 20

Prions

Back 20

Unusual agents responsible for at least seven neurodegenerative diseases in humans/animals (always fatal)
-- scrapie in shee and shep
-- mad cow disease
**consist of only one protein without any nucleic acid

Front 21

Microscopes

Back 21

Important tools for studying microorganisms
-- uses visible light for observing objects

Front 22

Magnifications

Back 22

Ocular lens times objective lens equal total magnification
-- typically 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

Front 23

Resolution

Back 23

Clear separation of two objects are close together

Front 24

Resolving power

Back 24

The minimum distance between two objects when those objects can still be observed as separate entities
-- determines how much detail can actually be seen

Front 25

Contrast

Back 25

Reflects the number of visible shades in a specimen
-- high contrast being two shades, black and why

Front 26

SEM

Back 26

Scanning electron microscope
-- used for observing surface details of sales

Front 27

TEM

Back 27

Transmission electron microscope
-- used to observe fine details of cell structure
-- require elaborate specimen preparation

Front 28

Coccus

Back 28

Spherical
-- 1 of two most common shapes of bacteria

Front 29

Rod

Back 29

Cylindrical
-- 1 of two most common shapes of bacteria

Front 30

Bacillus

Back 30

Rod-shaped

Front 31

Coccobacillus

Back 31

Rod-shaped bacterium, very short

Front 32

Vibrio

Back 32

Short curved Rod's

Front 33

Spirillum

Back 33

Curved Rod long enough to form spirals

Front 34

Spyrochetes

Back 34

Long helical cell with a flexible cell wall
-- unique mechanism for motility

Front 35

PleoMorphic

Back 35

Bacteria that characteristically vary in shape
-- Pleo -- many
-- Morphic -- shape

Front 36

Binary fission

Back 36

Process by which one cell divides into two sales
-- manner by which most Prokaryotes divide
-- 1 cell becomes 2, 2 cells become 4, 4 cells become 8 and so on

Front 37

Chains

Back 37

Cell divides in one plane

Front 38

Packets

Back 38

Cell divides into or more planes perpendicular to one another

Front 39

Clusters

Back 39

Cell divide in several planes at random

Front 40

Cell wall

Back 40

Rigid barrier that functions as a tight corset to keep the cells contents from bursting out

Front 41

Peptidoglycan

Back 41

A macromolecule found only in bacteria that provides rigidity to the cell wall

Front 42

Selectively permeable

Back 42

Membrane that allows some but not other molecules to pass through freely

Front 43

Simple diffusion

Back 43

Movement of molecules or ions for a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
-- does not involve transport proteins

Front 44

Cytoplasm

Back 44

Viscous fluid within a cell

Front 45

Nucleoid

Back 45

Region of a prokaryote cell containing the DNA

Front 46

Flagella

Back 46

Long protein structures responsible for most types of bacterial motility

Front 47

PILI

Back 47

Enable attachment of cells to specific surfaces
-- shorter and thinner than flagella

Front 48

Capsule

Back 48

Glycocalyx that is distinct and gelatin this
-- sometimes correlated with organisms ability to cause disease

Front 49

DNA

Back 49

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 50

Plasmid

Back 50

Small extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
-- often codes for ABT resistance

Front 51

Ribosomes

Back 51

Structure that facilitates the joining of amino acids during the process of translation
-- composed of protein and ribosomal RNA

Front 52

Light microscope

Back 52

Microscope that uses visible light to observe objects

Front 53

Differential staining

Back 53

Type of staining procedure used to distinguish one group of bacteria from another by taking advantage of the fact that certain bacteria have distinctly different chemical structures in some of their components

Front 54

Gram stain

Back 54

Staining technique that divides bacteria into one of two groups on basis of color
-- gram-positive -- purple
-- gram-negative -- pink/red

Front 55

Acid-fast stain

Back 55

A procedure used to stain certain microorganisms
-- particularly Mycobacterium (do not readily take up dye)

Front 56

Endospores

Back 56

Kind of resting cell
-- highly resistant to heat, radiation, disinfectants

Front 57

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 57

Organelle of the eukaryotes where the macromolecules destined for the external environment of other organelles are synthesized

Front 58

Smooth reticulum

Back 58

Organelle of eukaryotic cells that is the site of lipid synthesis and degradation of calcium storage

Front 59

Wrath reticulum

Back 59

Organelle where proteins destined for location other than the cytoplasm are synthesized

Front 60

Lysosome

Back 60

Membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cell that contains powerful degradative enzymes

Front 61

Nucleus

Back 61

Membrane-bound organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and the nucleolus

Front 62

Endocytosis

Back 62

Process by which cells take up particles by enclosing them in a vesicle pinched off from the cell membrane

Front 63

Exocytosis

Back 63

Process by which eukaryotic cells expel material
-- membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents to the external medium

Front 64

Pinocytosis

Back 64

Most common form of endocytosis and animal cells
-- the and decided vesicle fuses with an endospore, which then fuses with a lysosome

Front 65

Plasma membrane

Back 65

Semi permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in a cell; cytoplasmic membrane

Front 66

Binary fission

Back 66

After a cell has increased in size and doubled all of its parts, it divides one cell divides into two, those two divide to become four and those four become eight and so on

Front 67

Generation -- doubling time

Back 67

The time it takes for a population to double in number

Front 68

Biofilms

Back 68

Polysaccharide encased community of microorganisms

Front 69

Pure culture

Back 69

A population of organisms descended from a single cell and therefore separated from all other species

Front 70

Liquid media

Back 70

Broth like

Front 71

Solid media

Back 71

Liquid with agar added

Front 72

Agar

Back 72

A polysaccharide extracted from Marine algae, is used to solidify a liquid culture medium

Front 73

Streak plate method

Back 73

Simplest and most commonly used technique for isolating bacteria. A sterilized inoculating loop is dipped into a solution containing the organism of interest as lightly drawn several times across agar plate creating a set of parallel streaks covering approximately one third of the plate. The loop is then sterilized and a new series of parallel streaks are made across the at an angle to the previous ones, covering another third of the plate. The loop is sterilized again and another set of parallel streaks are made dragging into a third area some of the organisms that had been moved into the second section by the third set of streaks cells should be separated enough so that distinct well isolated colonies will form

Front 74

Colony

Back 74

A mass of cells all descended from the original one. About one million cells are required for a colony to be easily visible to the naked eye

Front 75

Psychrophile

Back 75

Organisms usually found in such environments as the Arctic and Antarctic regions
-- optimum conditions between -5°C and 15°C

Front 76

Psychotroph

Back 76

An important cause of food spoilage
-- have a temperature optimum between 20°C and 30°C, but grow well at lower temperatures

Front 77

Mesophile

Back 77

Includes E. coli and most other common bacteria
-- optimum temperature between 25°C and 45°C

Front 78

Thermophile

Back 78

Have an optimum temperature between 45°C and 70°C
-- these organisms commonly occur in Hot Springs and compost heaps
-- they are also found in artificially created thermal environments such as water heaters and nuclear power plant cooling towers

Front 79

Hyperthermophile

Back 79

Have an optimum growth temperature of 70°C or greater
-- these are usually members of the Archaea

Front 80

Obligate Aerobe

Back 80

Have an absolute or obligor requirement for oxygen
-- use oxygen to transform energy and the process of aerobic respiration
-- includes micrococcus species, gram-positive Cocci that are common in the environment

Front 81

Obligate Anaerobe

Back 81

Cannot multiply in the presence of O2; in fact they are often killed
-- transform energy by fermentation or anaerobic respiration
-- include members of the genus bacteroides, Clostridium botulinum

Front 82

Facultative Anaerobe

Back 82

Grow better if O2 is present, but can also grow without it
-- the organism is flexible in regards to O2 requirements
-- use aerobic respiration if O2 is available
-- fermentation or anaerobic respiration and absence of O2
-- growth more rapid when O2 is present

Front 83

Microaerophile

Back 83

Require small amounts of O2 (2% to 10%) for aerobic respiration
-- heart concentrations are inhibitory

Front 84

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Back 84

Indifferent to O2
-- can grow in its presence that do not use it to transform energy
-- also called obligate fermenters
-- example is Streptococcus pyogenes which cause strep throat

Front 85

Neutrophils

Back 85

Bacteria that can live and multiply within the range of pH 5 (acidic) to pH 8 (basic) and have a pH optimum near neutral (pH7)

Front 86

Acidophiles

Back 86

Grow optimally at a pH below 5.5

Front 87

Alkalophiles

Back 87

Grow optimally at a pH about 8.8
-- often live in alkaline lakes and soils

Front 88

Autotroph

Back 88

Uses inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide
-- plays a critical role in the cycling of carbon and the environments because they can convert inorganic carbon 10 organic form
-- process of carbon fixation

Front 89

Heterotroph

Back 89

Prokaryotes they use organic carbon

Front 90

Phototroph

Back 90

Organisms that harvest the energy of sunlight
-- these include plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria

Front 91

Chemotroph

Back 91

Organisms that obtain energy by metabolizing chemical compounds

Front 92

Differential media

Back 92

Bacteriological medium that contains an ingredient which can be changed by certain bacteria in a recognizable way
-- used to differentiate organism's based on their metabolic traits

Front 93

Fastiduous

Back 93

Microorganisms that display a wide spectrum in their growth factor requirements set chest Neisseria that require many growth factors

Front 94

Blood agar

Back 94

A rich medium commonly used in clinical laboratories that contains red blood cells, which supply variety of nutrients including hemin, in addition to other ingredients

Front 95

Capnophile

Back 95

Organisms requiring increased CO2 along with approximately 15% O2
-- one of the simplest ways to provide this atmosphere is to incubate them in a closed candle jar

Front 96

Microaerophile

Back 96

Bacteria the typically require O2 concentrations less than what is achieved in a candle jar
-- these bacteria are often incubated in a gas tight jar with special disposable packets containing chemicals that react to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide

Front 97

Anaerobe

Back 97

The cells may be killed if they are exposed to O2 for even a short time

Front 98

Compartmentalization

Back 98

Idea that there are specific compartments in eukaryotic cells in each perform specific function

Front 99

Sterilization

Back 99

The process of destroying or removing all microorganisms and viruses three physical or chemical means
-- filtration
-- heat
-- chemicals
-- irradiation
**NO MICROBES LEFT

Front 100

Pasteurization

Back 100

A treatment, usually brief heating, used to reduce the number of spoilage organisms and to kill disease causing microbes

Front 101

Disinfection

Back 101

The process that eliminates most or all pathogens on or in a material
*SOME microbes may persist

Front 102

Antiseptic

Back 102

Disinfect and that is non-toxic enough to be used on scan

Front 103

Disinfectants

Back 103

A chemical used to destroy many microorganisms and virus this
-- biocides
-- used on inanimate objects

Front 104

Preservation

Back 104

The process of delaying spoilage of foods or other perishable products
-- inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

Front 105

Handwashing

Back 105

Single most important step in preventing the speed of many infections
-- simple -- soap and H2O

Front 106

Nosocomial infections

Back 106

Hospital acquired infections

Front 107

Selection of anti-microbial procedure

Back 107

Determined by the microbial population president on or in the product

Front 108

Bacterial endospores

Back 108

Most resistant forms of life
-- only extreme heat or chemical treatment ensure complete destruction

Front 109

Protozoan cysts and oocytes

Back 109

Disinfectant resistant forums excreted in PCs of infected animals and humans
-- causes diarrheal disease if ingested
-- readily destroyed about boiling

Front 110

Mycobacterium species

Back 110

Resistant to many chemical treatments
-- stronger or more toxic disinfectants must be used
**example: M. bacterium (TB)

Front 111

Pseudomonas species

Back 111

Not only resistant to some chemical disinfectants, in some cases actually grow in them
**importance in hospital setting

Front 112

Naked viruses

Back 112

Resistant to disinfectants
-- lack lipid envelope
-- envelope the virus this (HIV) tend to be sensitive to heat and chemical disinfectants

Front 113

Decimal reduction time

Back 113

D. value
-- time required for killing 90% of a population of bacteria under specific conditions
-- commercial canning industry

Front 114

Boiling

Back 114

Moist heat
-- boiling for five minutes destroys most microorganisms and viruses
**EXCEPT ENDOSPORES

Front 115

Autoclaving

Back 115

Pressurized steam
-- typical treatment is 121°C/15 psi for 15 minutes this
** DESTROYS ENDOSPORES
--

Front 116

Filtration

Back 116

Filter retains microbes while leading the suspending fluid or air pass through small holes

Front 117

Filtration of fluids

Back 117

Various pore sizes available
-- used to produce beer/wine/sterilized sound heat sensitive medications

Front 118

Filtration of Ayer

Back 118

HEPA filters are used to remove microbes that have a diameter greater than 0.3nm

Front 119

Dry heat

Back 119

Not as efficient as wet heat and killing microorganisms
-- requires longer times and higher temperatures
-- incineration, dry heat oven

Front 120

High-pressure

Back 120

Way it has to rising commercial food products
-- treatments of 130,000 psi is thought to destroy microorganisms by denaturing proteins altering the permeability of the cell
-- products retained flavor/color

Front 121

Sanitize

Back 121

Substantially reduces microbial population that meet acceptable health standards

Front 122

Degerm

Back 122

Treatment used to decrease the number of microbes in an area
-- usually the scan

Front 123

Decontaminate

Back 123

Tree menus to reduce the number pathogens to a level considered safe to handle
-- handwashing, heat, disinfectants

Front 124

Chemicals as control

Back 124

-- sterilants
-- high level disinfectants
-- intermediate level disinfectants
-- low level disinfectants

Front 125

Sterilants

Back 125

Can destroy all microorganisms including endospores and viruses
-- 6 to 10 hour treatment to kill endospores
example: scalpels

Front 126

High level disinfectants

Back 126

Destroy all viruses and vegetative microorganism
** DO NOT readily kill endospores
example: endoscopes

Front 127

Intermediate level disinfectants

Back 127

Destroys all vegetative bacteria including mycobacteria, fungi, most but not all viruses
** DO NOT kill endospores
example: stethoscopes

Front 128

Low-level disinfectants

Back 128

Detroit fungi, vegetative bacteria EXCEPT mycobacteria an enveloped viruses
--DO NOT kill endospores, don't readily destroyed naked viruses

Front 129

Prion

Back 129

Piece of protein that causes infection

Front 130

Endospores

Back 130

Vegetative

Front 131

Alcohols

Back 131

60 to 80% isopropyl or evil alcohol rapidly kill vegetative bacteria and fungi
evaporates fast

Front 132

Ozone

Back 132

Unstable form of O2 that is a powerful oxidizing agent

Front 133

Organic acids

Back 133

Sometimes added to foods such as bread, cheese, juice to prevent microbial growth
-- Benzoic, Sorbic, Proprionic
-- alter cell membrane function

Front 134

Desiccating

Back 134

Removing water from food

Front 135

Groupings

Back 135

Sales a hearing to one another following division from characteristic arrangements such as chains, packets, clusters

Front 136

Gram-positive

Back 136

Cell wall contains a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
-- Teichoic acids stick out of the peptidoglycan later

Front 137

Gram-negative

Back 137

Cell wall has a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the cytoplasmic membrane and an outer membrane

Front 138

Penicillin

Back 138

Prevents peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 139

Plasma membrane

Back 139

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

Front 140

Mitochondria

Back 140

Use the energy released during the dead predation of organic compounds to generate ATP

Front 141

Phagocytosis

Back 141

take up of debris by protozoa and phagocytes
-- phagosome fuses with lysosome where material is digested

Front 142

Phospolipid Bilayer

Back 142

barrier between the cytoplasm and the outside environment

Front 143

Basic dyes

Back 143

Carry a positive charge
-- are more commonly used for staining
-- stained the negatively charged components of sales, including nucleic acid and many proteins
-- methylene blue, Crystal violet, saffranin and, Malachite green

Front 144

Acidic dye

Back 144

Carry and negative charge
-- sometimes used to stain battlegrounds against which colorless sales can be seen

Front 145

Zone of Complete Clearing

Back 145

beta hemolysis

Front 146

Zone of Green Clearing

Back 146

alpha hemolysis