Microbiology Chapter 25 Microbial Diseases Of The Digestive System

Front 1

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large intestine

Back 1

Structures of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract AKA alimentary canal

Front 2

Teeth

Tongue

Salivary Glands

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Back 2

Accessory Structures

Front 3

1. 25

2. 80

3. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

4. Lymph nodes

5. Peyer's Patches

Back 3

The digestive system is very important in the absorption of food, __1__ tons of food pass through the GI tract in a lifetime, __2__% of the immune system is located in the intestinal tract by ___3___ such as the __4__ and ___5___.

Front 4

1. Millions

2. HCl

3. paneth

4. defensins

Back 4

___1___ of normal microbiota / mL saliva

, there are few microorganisms in the stomach from ___2___ production. Small intestine has ___3___ cells which are granule-filled phagocytic cells that produce ___4___. 100 billion bacteria per gram of feces.

Front 5

Paneth cells

Back 5

- In small intestine: Granule-filledphagocytic cells; produce defensins

Front 6

Dental Plaque

Back 6

- Biofilms involved in the formation of dental caries

Front 7

700

Back 7

# of species of bacteria in the oral cavity

Front 8

Streptococcus mutans

Back 8

- Most important cariogenic organism

- Gram positive coccus

- Converts sucrose to lactic acid

- Produces dextran, polysaccharide that forms plaque

Front 9

Plaque

Back 9

- Attracts other cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococci and filamentous Actinomyces

Front 10

1. Caries

2. Positive

3. Rods

4. Pulp

5. Table sugar

Back 10

___1___ penetrate from enamel into the dentin. Caused by Gram __2__ __3__(shape) and filamentous bacteria. Decay can reach __4__, which contains blood supply and nerve cells. May advance to soft tissues, leading to abscesses. Introduction of __5__ in diet correlated with high level.

Front 11

1. Staphylococcus Enterotoxicosis

2. Staphylococcus aureus

3. A

4. Coagulates

5. Toxin

6. Osmotic pressure

Back 11

____1____ AKA food poisoning is caused by microbe ___2___ serological type __3__. __4__ blood plasma, produces __5__ when organisms incubates in food (temperature abuse) and the __5__ cannot be killed by boiling. Outgrows most bacteria in high __6__ and high temperature (60C for 30 min). Phage typing traces sources of contamination.

Front 12

1. Shigellosis

2. Bacillary Dysentery

3. Shiga toxin

4. M

Back 12

____1____ also known as ___2___, causes severe form of diarrhea, 20 bowel movements/day with abdominal cramps and fever. Produces __3__, bacteria not affected by stomach acid; attaches to __4__ cells, invades and spread to other cells which can cause damage to intestinal wall or invade bloodstream. No animal reservoir. Outbreaks in daycares and families

Front 13

Facultative

Negative

Back 13

Shigella's aerotolerance?

Gram?

Front 14

Salmonellosis

Back 14

- Caused by Salmonella enterica

Front 15

Salmonella

Back 15

- Genus - Gram Negative Facultative Anaerobe

Nonendospore forming rod

Front 16

1. Salmonellosis

2. 12-36

3. 6

4. 2000

5. M

6. macrophages

7. commercial chicken and egg

Back 16

___1___ symptoms include fever, nausea, pain, cramps, diarrhea for a few days; incubation __2__ hours- can continue to shed bacteria in feces for up to__3__months.

Part of intestinal microbiota, ___4___ serotypes; invades intestinal mucosa and multiplies by passing through __5__ cells and entering the lymphatics, can replicate in ___6___; 1.4 million cases; 400 deaths annually; associated with ___7___ production

Front 17

1. Typhoid Fever

2. Salmonella typhi

3. 2-3 weeks

Back 17

__1__ caused by ___2__; high fever, headache, intestinal wall ulceration; incubation period of __3__.

Front 18

Beef tapeworm

Back 18

Taenia saginata

Front 19

Pork tapeworm

Back 19

Taenia solium

Front 20

Fish tapeworm

Back 20

Diphyllobothrium latum

Front 21

Taeniasis

Back 21

Adult tapeworm that infects the intestine

Front 22

Cysticercosis

Back 22

Infection with the larval stage by ingesting eggs

Front 23

Ophthalmic cysticercosis

Back 23

Larvae lodge in the eye

Front 24

Neurocysticercosis

Back 24

Larvae developing in the central nervous system

Front 25

1. Eggs are excreted in the feces and ingested by animals

2. Eggs hatch into a larval cysticercus that lodges in the muscle

3. Human ingests undercooked meat which develop into adult tapeworms in the intestine

Back 25

Tapeworms have a three-stage life cycle

Front 26

Eggs

Segments

Back 26

2 Structures in the feces to diagnose tapeworms

Front 27

Tapeworm

Back 27

Praziquantel and albendazole are treatments for?

Front 28

Enterobius vermicularis

Back 28

- Pinworm (Nematode phyla)

- Lays eggs around the anus, causing local itching

- Can be treated with pyrantel pamoate and membandazole

Front 29

Pinworms

Hookworms

Back 29

2 Types of Nematodes

Front 30

Hookworms

Back 30

Necator americanus

Ancylostoma duodenale

These are examples of?

Front 31

Hookworms

Back 31

- Attaches to the intestinal wall and feeds on blood and tissue

- Anemia, lethargic behavior and craving for peculiar foods with no nutritional value (pica)

- Carried from human feces in soil that contact bare skin

- Treated with mebendazole

Front 32

Ascariasis

Back 32

- 30% of the worldwide population is infected

- Eggs shed in the feces and are ingested by another person, hatch into larvae and pass into bloodstream and lungs; larvae migrate to throat and swallowed; develop into adults in intestinal tract and emerge from anus, mouth, or nose

- Treatment with mebendazole or albendazole

Front 33

Trichinellosis

Back 33

- Encysted larvae are ingested from undercooked pork and other meats

- Digestion removes the cyst wall and the worm matures into an adult

- Adults produce larvae in the intestines that invade tissues and form new cysts

- Fever, eye swelling, gastrointestinal upset

- Treatment with albendazole or mebendazole

Front 34

Typhoid Fever

Back 34

- Rare in US due to sanitation; estimated 21 million cases worldwide; bacteria replicate in and are spread throughout the body in phagocytes by releasing organism into the bloodstream; 1-3% patients become chronic carries harbored in gallbladder

- Spread by human feces

- Treated with chloramphenicol, quinolones, or cephalosporins

Front 35

Vibrio cholerae

Back 35

Causative agent of Cholera

Front 36

Vibrio cholerae

Back 36

- Gram negative vibrio

- Single polar flagellum

Front 37

Cholera

Back 37

- rice water stools; can lose 12-20 fluid liters per day which causes shock, collapse, organ failure, death, viscous blood, violent vomiting

Front 38

Cholera

Back 38

Associated with salty waters and can form biofilms; produced cholera toxin which causes host cells to secrete electrolytes and water and causes "rice water stools" Untreated mortality 50%, less than 1% with modern treatment; Increases when sanitation and sewage disposal systems are comporomised; Outbreak in Haiti after earthquake due to deficient septic system at the Nepalese base

Front 39

Cholera

Back 39

Strategize for natural disasters with oral rehydration solutions such as salt, sugar, water, stockpile vaccine; Ultimately: Proper sanitation,water storage, handwashing

Front 40

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

Back 40

- E. coli that causes Shigella-like dysentery

- Gastrointestinal tract through M cells

Front 41

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

Back 41

- E. coli Only in humans; enterotoxin producing water diarrhea

Front 42

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Back 42

- causes colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome

0 Produces Shiga-like toxin released upon the cell's lysis; most outbreaks are due to serotype O157:H7; Cattles are main reservoir from undercooked meat

- diagnosed by the inability to ferment sorbitol and pulsed field gel electrophoresis

Front 43

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

Back 43

Diarrhea in developing countries, cause host cells to form pedestals where the bacteria attach

Front 44

Gas Gangrene

Back 44

- Disease- Mild and occurs 8-12 hours after ingestion

- Associated with foods containing animal intestinal contents which creates low oxygen level, has necessary amino acids for growth, more common under recognized cause of gastroenteritis

- endospores survive most routine heatings, 20 minute generation time

- produces exotoxin

Front 45

Bacillus cereus

Back 45

- Large gram positive endospore

- Common in soil and vegetation; cooking eliminates competing microbes; spores survive heating and germinates to produce toxins

- different toxins cause different symptoms; diarrhea 8-16 hours after ingestion; nausea and vomiting 2-5 hours after ingestion

- "Starchy foods"

Front 46

Rotavirus

Back 46

- Low-grade fever, diarrhea, vomiting, 2-3 day incubation

- Most common cause of this gastroenteritis in children; low mortality: 2 million cases but fewer than 100 deaths

- Prevented with live oral vaccine

Front 47

Noravirus (Norwalk)

Back 47

- 18-48 hour incubation; diarrhea and vomiting

- Caliciviruses; Low infectious dose; Associated with many people getting sick crammed on boats or catering/restaurant associated

- Fecal-oral

- Detected with PCR and EIA tests

Front 48

Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

Back 48

- AKA stomach ulcers

Front 49

Helicobacter pylori

Back 49

- Causes Stomach ulcers

- Flagellated vibrio

- Only 15% develop ulcers, designated carcinogenic bacteria for 3% develop gastric cancer

Front 50

Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

Back 50

- Infects 30-50% of the population in the developed world; grows in the stomach acid by producing urease, converts urea to alkaline ammonia; disrupts stomach mucosa causing inflammation

- Treated with antimicrobial drugs and bismuth subsalicylate; Diagnostic test requires a biopsy, culture and urea breath test

Front 51

Clostridium difficile

Back 51

- Gram positive endospore forming anaerobe that causes diarrhea with mild to severe symptoms

- Can lead to life threatening colitis; ulceration and perforation of the intestinal wall

Front 52

Clostridium Associated Diarrhea

Back 52

Genus - Causes more deaths than all other intestinal infections combine mostly from health care settings; Precipitated by the extended use of antibiotics, eliminates competing intestinal bacteria; outbreaks have occurred in day-care settings, caretakers have acquired it from patients; new strain capable of producing much more exotoxin and is now occuring at near epidemic rates

Front 53

Giardia intestinalis

Back 53

Flagellated protozoan

Front 54

Giardiasis

Back 54

- prolonged diarrhea, malaise, weight loss, flatulence, cramps; hydrogen sulfide detected in the breath or stools

- Forms cysts in feces and water; trophozoites in the body; attaches to the intestinal wall

- Diagnosed with a string test, ELISA or FA test; treated with metronidazole and nitazoxanide

Front 55

Cryptosporidiosis

Back 55

- Cholera-like diarrhea for 10-14 days

- Ingested oocysts release sporozoites that invade the intestinal epithelium; resistant to chlorination

- Diagnosed with a FA test or immunoassay tests; treatment with nitazoxanide

Front 56

Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis

Back 56

2 Parasites that cause Cryptosporidiosis

Front 57

Trichinella spiralis

Back 57

Nematode that causes Trichinellosis

Front 58

Ascaris lumbricoides

Back 58

Nematode that causes Ascariasis