Microbio Chapter 22 Microbial Diseases Of The Nervous System

Front 1

Brain and Spinal Cord

Back 1

Central Nervous System (CNS) 2 Structures

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 2

Nerves that branch from the CNS

Front 3

Meninges

Dura, arachnoid, pia mater

Subarachnoid Space

Back 3

- Covering that protects the brain and spinal cord

- What are its 3 layers?

- Which space contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

Front 4

Blood-Brain barrier

Back 4

- The group of capillaries that permit some substances to pass from the blood to the brain but restrict others

Front 5

Meningitis

Back 5

- Inflammation of the meninges

Front 6

Encephalitis

Back 6

- Inflammation of the brain

Front 7

Meningoencephalitis

Back 7

- Inflammation of the meninges and brain

Front 8

Bacterial Meningitis

Viral meningitis

Back 8

GENERALLY SPEAKING

Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck; followed by nausea and vomiting; may progress to convulsions and coma; death from shock and inflammation

Cause: Endotoxin and cell wall release

Comparatively, __________________ is more common and mild

Front 9

- Sample CSF via spinal tap or lumbar puncture

- Latex agglutination tests

- Chemotherapy initiated before diagnosis

Back 9

3 Ways to Diagnose/Treat Bacterial Meningitis

Front 10

Cannot withstand storage

Changes in temperature

Back 10

2 Reasons why Pathogens in CSF do not survive long?

Front 11

- Haemophilus influenza

- Streptococcus pneuomoniae

- Neisseria meningitidis

Back 11

3 Causes of Bacterial Meningitis?

Front 12

Haemophilus influenzae

Back 12

- Gram negative aerobic bacteria; normal throat microbiota

- Prevention: Hib vaccine

Front 13

Bacterial Meningitis

Back 13

- Can enter bloodstream, pathogenicity due to capsule antigen type b

- Occurs mostly in children (6 months - 4 years)

- 45% of cases

- 6% mortality

Front 14

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Back 14

- Gram positive encapsulated diplococci

- Can also cause pneumonia and otitis media

- 70% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers; most common in children; mortality 30% in children, 80% elderly

- Prevention: conjugated vaccine

Front 15

Neisseria meningitidis

Back 15

- Gram negative aerobic encapsulated cocci; 6 serotypes

- Throat infection, rash, bacteremia

- 40% are healthy nasopharyngeal carries; mortality 9-12% with antibiotic therapy, 80% without; outbreaks common in dorms and military barracks (before immunization, it was a major problem)

- Vaccination protects against A, C, Y, W not B

Front 16

Clostridium Tetani

Back 16

- Gram positive endospore forming anaerobe

- Tetanospasmin released from dead cells enter CNS and block relaxation pathway in muscles

- Fewer than 50 cases per year

- Mortality 25-50%

- DTaP vaccination, stimulates antibodies that neutralize toxin, booster required every 10 years

- TIG immunoglobin

Front 17

Clostridium botulinum

Back 17

- Gram positive endospore forming anaerobe

- Initial symptoms vary, nausea, no fever, may proceed neurological symptoms such as double/blurred vission, difficulty swallowing, general weakness

Front 18

Botulism

Back 18

- intoxication comes from ingesting exotoxin specific for the synaptic end of the nerve the blocks acetylcholine release

- Flaccid paralysis can last 1-10 days; Respiratory or cardiac failure - Death

- Treatment with respiratory assitance and antitoxins; prevented with proper canning and the use of nitrites in foods

Front 19

Infant botulism

Back 19

- Grows in infant intestines due to lack of intestinal microbiotia; associated with honey

- Prevention: BabyBIG - Immune Globulin

Front 20

1. Poliomyelitis

2. poliovirus

3. 1

4. motor

5. respiratory

6. Postpolio

Back 20

___1___ AKA polio is caused by the ___2___, that is __3__% paralytic from the destruction of __4__ cells. __5__ failure involves death. ___6___ Syndrome is a muscle weakness that occurs decades after infection.

Front 21

Poliomyelitis

Back 21

- Symptoms: Sore throat and nausea; viremia may occur, enters CNS

- Cases fell 99% from 1988-2000; Persistent reservoirs remain in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Nigeria

- Vaccines for all 3 serotypes; Salk vaccine: inactivated vaccine (IPV: injectable); Sabin vaccine: attenuated vaccine; lifelong immunity (oral)

Front 22

1. Lyssavirus

2. Bullet

3. Single

4. RNA

5. muscle spasms

6. hydro

7. furious (classical)

8. paralytic (dumb or numb)

Back 22

Rabies is caused by the __1__ which is __2__ shaped, __3__ stranded __4__ that easily develops mutants. Symptoms include ___5___ of the mouth and pharynx, and ___6___phobia. The ___7___ type are when the animals are restless and highly excitable, and the __8__ type is when they seem unaware of their surroundings.

Front 23

Rabies

Back 23

- Virus multiplies in the skeletal muscles and travels through the PNS to the brain cells, causing encaphalitis; average incubation 30-50 days; forms Negri bodies in the brain stem

- Treatment is ineffective once symptoms appear; Globally distributed [US: Bats, skunks, foxes, raccoons, domestic animals, rarely in squirrels, rabbits, rats and mice]; 7-8000 animal cases annually; 1-6 human cases annually

Front 24

Rabies

Back 24

- Diagnosis: Direct Fluorescent-Antibody (DFA) test with bodily fluids; Treatment: Wash thoroughly with soap and water; Postexposure prophylaxis: vaccine plus immunoglobulin [Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) and human immune globulin (RIG)];

- Transmitted by animal bite (Silver-haired bats) saliva; can also cross mucous membranes

Front 25

Rabies

Back 25

Milwaukee protocol: Induced extended coma to minimize excitability while administering anti-viral drugs for which disease?

Front 26

Cryptococcosis neoformans

Back 26

- Spreads through blood to the CNS in immunocompromised; cases reported in otherwise healthy adults; mortality up to 30%

- Diagnosis: Latex agglutination to detect cryptococcal antigens in serum or CSF; Treatment: amphotericin B and flucytosine

- Respiratory route through dried contaminated pigeon/chicken droppings

- Soil fungus that causes meningitis

Front 27

1. Transmissable spongiform encephalopathies

2. Spongiform

3. Sheep scrapie

4. Chronic wasting disease

5. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

6. Variant of CJD

7. Kuru

Back 27

Prions AKA __1__ causes normal proteins in brain to tissue to become abnormal and lead to ___2___ degeneration. It is often chronic and fatal. __3__ infects sheep, __4__ infects deer and elk, ___5___ is one that infects human, and a variant that occurs in younger individuals or can be inherited is called ___6___. ___7___ can be caused by cannibalism.

Front 28

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Back 28

- AKA Mad Cow Disease

- Caused by prions

- From cattle eating deed containing bone meal from scrapie infected sheep

Front 29

Prions

Back 29

Difficult to destroy via standard methods; sterilization of surgical instruments by NaOH with extended autoclaving at 134C