Microbiology - Aerobes, Anaerobes, Intracellular

Front 1

List four obligate aerobes.

Back 1

Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus (Mnemonic: Nagging Pests Must Breathe)

Front 2

Where in the lung does M. tuberculosis prefer, and why?

Back 2

Apices of the lung, as they have the highest PO2.

Front 3

What conditions occur concurrently with P. Aeruginosa infection?

Back 3

1. Burn wounds, 2. Nosocomial pneumonia, 3. Pneumonias in Cystic Fibrosis patients

Front 4

List 3 obligate anaerobes

Back 4

Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces

Front 5

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

Back 5

Catalase (aka glutathione peroxidase), AND/OR Superoxide dismutase (converts O2-radical[ie superoxide] to H2O2)

Front 6

Why are anaerobes foul-smelling?

Back 6

They produce short-chain fatty acids.

Front 7

What do anaerobes produce in tissue?

Back 7

CO2 and H2 gases

Front 8

Where are anaerobes normal flora?

Back 8

1. GI tract, 2. Between teeth and gums

Front 9

What antibiotics are particularly ineffective against anaerobes?

Back 9

AminO2glycosides, as they require O2 to enter the bacterial cell.

Front 10

List the obligate intracellular bacteria.

Back 10

Rickettsia and Chlamydia. (Mnemonic: Stay inside (cells) when it is Really Cold)

Front 11

What is the defining characteristic of obligate intracellular bacteria.

Back 11

Can't make their own ATP.

Front 12

List the facultative intracellular bacteria.

Back 12

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia (Mnemonic: Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY)

Front 13

List four major examples of encapsulated bacteria

Back 13

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2. Hemophilus influenzae (especially B serotype), 3. Neisseria meningitidis, 4. Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 14

What does a positive quellung reaction indicate?

Back 14

Positive quellung: If encapsulated bug is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added. (*B39) (Mnemonic: Quellung = capsular "swellung")

Front 15

In which vaccines does the capsule serve as an antigen?

Back 15

Pneumovax, H influenzae B, Meningococcal vaccines

Front 16

What does conjugation with protein do to vaccines that have a capsular antigen?

Back 16

Increases the immunogenicity and T-cell dependent responce.

Front 17

Which bacteria form spores?

Back 17

Gram positive soil bugs (eg Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani)

Front 18

How can one destroy spores?

Back 18

Autoclave (as is done to surgical equipment)

Front 19

Rickettsiae: Characterization

Back 19

Obligate intracellular parasites. Need CoA and NAD.

Front 20

Rickettsiae: Transmission and presentation

Back 20

Coxiella: Atypical. Transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia All others: Arthropod vector causes classic triad of headache, fever and rash (vasculitis)

Front 21

Treatment of Rickettsiae

Back 21

Tetracycline

Front 22

Difference between spread of rash in typhus and spotted fever

Back 22

tyPHus is centriPHugal (moves outwards) - sPotted fever is centriPetal (moves inwards) - Both are caused by Rickettsiae

Front 23

Which bug causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever? What is it transmitted by?

Back 23

Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by tick

Front 24

Which bug causes endemic typhus? Transmitted by what?

Back 24

Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas

Front 25

Which bug causes epidemic typhus? What is it transmitted by?

Back 25

Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by human body louse

Front 26

Which bug causes typhus?

Back 26

Endemic: Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas - Epidemic: Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by human body louse

Front 27

Which bug causes Q fever?

Back 27

Coxiella burnetii, by inhaled aerosols from cowhide and placentas. Remember: Carol Burnett coughing "Q" after inhaling spores from cowhide.

Front 28

What separates Q fever from other rickettsial diseases?

Back 28

Q fever is Queer: Has an endospore, thus: Caused by Coxiella burnetii (not called Rickettsia) 2. No rash 3. No vector (inhaled aerosols) 4. Negative Weil-Felix 5. Causative organism can survive outside for a long time.

Front 29

Difference in tropism between Chlamydia and Rickettsia

Back 29

Rickettsia: Endothelial cells of blood vessels - Chlamydia: Columnar epithelium

Front 30

Where is the rash in Rocky Mountain spotted fever found?

Back 30

Palms and soles, migrating to wrists, ankles, then trunk.

Front 31

What diseases can cause rashes on the palms and soles of feet?

Back 31

1. Rocky mountain spotted fever 2. Syphilis 3. Coxsackie virus A infection (hand, foot, and mouth disease)

Front 32

Weil-Felix reaction

Back 32

Assays for antirickettsial antibodies, which cross-react with Proteus antigen

Front 33

Typhus: positive or negative Weil-Felix

Back 33

positive

Front 34

Rocky mountain spotted fever: positive or negative Weil-Felix

Back 34

positive

Front 35

Q fever: positive or negative Weil-Felix

Back 35

negative

Front 36

What bug: Atypical walking pneumonia in prisoner or military recruit younger than 30

Back 36

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 37

Describe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Back 37

1. Atypical walking pneumonia (insidious onset, headache, non productive cough, diffuse interstitial infiltrate) 2. X-ray looks worse than patient 3. High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM)

Front 38

Special culture requirements for: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Back 38

Eaton's agar

Front 39

Treatment for mycoplasma pneumoniae

Back 39

Tetracycline or erythromycin. Pencillin resistant because they have no cell wall.

Front 40

Characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Back 40

1. Facultative anaerobe with no cell wall (hence no gram stain) 2. Only bacterial membrane with cholesterol 3. High titer of cold agglutinins 4. Grown on Eaton's agar

Front 41

True or False: No Gram-positive bugs have endotoxin.

Back 41

False. Listeria monocytogenes has it.

Front 42

Characterize Chlamydia

Back 42

Obligate intracellular parasites

Front 43

2 forms of chlamydia

Back 43

1. Elementary body (small, dense) which Enters cell via endocytosis 2. Initial or Reticulate body, which Replicates In cell by fission

Front 44

Disease states caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

Back 44

1. Reactive arthritis (aka Reiter's syndrome) 2. Conjunctivitis 3. Non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, and PID

Front 45

Disease states caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae

Back 45

Atypical pneumonia

Front 46

Disease states caused by Chlamydia psittaci

Back 46

Atypical pneumonia

Front 47

Chlamydia species

Back 47

1. Trachomatis 2. Pneumoniae 3. Psittaci

Front 48

What is unusual about the chlamydial wall?

Back 48

It lacks muramic acid.

Front 49

Treatment of Chlamydia

Back 49

Erythromycin or tetracycline

Front 50

Reservoir for Chlamydia psittaci

Back 50

Avian

Front 51

Which chlamydia has an animal reservoir?

Back 51

Psittaci: Avian

Front 52

Lab diagnosis of chlamydia

Back 52

Cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent-antibody stained smear

Front 53

What disease is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes A-C

Back 53

1. Chronic infection 2. Blindness in Africa - Mnemonic: ABC: Africa, Blindness, Chronic infection

Front 54

What disease is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes D-K

Back 54

1. Urethritis/PID 2. Ectopic pregnancy 3. Neonatal pneumonia 4. Neonatal conjunctivitis

Front 55

What disease is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes L1-L3

Back 55

Lymphogranuloma venereum: 1. acute lymphadenitis with a positive Frei test 2. ulcers 3. rectal strictures - Mnemonic: L1-3: Lymphogranuloma

Front 56

Positive Frei test

Back 56

Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes L1-L3

Front 57

Acquisition and treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis

Back 57

Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K acquired by passage through infected birth canal. Treat with erythromycin eye drops.