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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
prototroph vs. auxotroph
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auxotrophic has lost the ability to synthesize a certain compund
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silent/missense/nonsense
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no effect/different amino acid/stop codon
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transposons
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jumping genes, gene which is jumped into is insertionally inactivated
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induced mutation - mutagens
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chemical mutagens alter pase pairing properties.
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difference between UV and X ray mutagens
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UV causes covalent bonding between T-T's, X rays break chains
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SOS system
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uses a new type of DNA pol that tolerates errors to repair badly damaged DNA
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2 ways of repairing Tymine dimers
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Photorepair (requires light) and excision repair (cut out and replace whole section)
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homologous (site-specific)recombination
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DNA fragment inserted into a host chromosome, "heteroduplex" generates one wild type and one recombinant
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Generalized vs. specialized transduction
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specialized is only in temerate phage,
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toll like receptors
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surface receptors that allow cells to detect molecules that signify the presence of microorganisms
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complement cycle: C3b leads to
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opsonization - prepares for eating
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complement cycle: C5a leads to
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inflammation which attracts phagocytes
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interferons
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produced by virus infected cell, which cause formation of proteins in other cells (iAVP)that tigger apoptosis if infected
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macrophage
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long lived, weak killers, always present
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neutrophils
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short lived, always first to site of infection, strong killers
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IgM/IgG/IgA
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M is first antibody produced in promary immune responseonly class produced in response to t-independent antigens. G is most abundant in blood and tissue longest lived. A: mostly in mucus and tears
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2 types of T cells
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T-cytotoxic, has CD8 which recognizes MCH type 1 (endogenous) proteins, T-helper, has CD4 which recognizes MHC type 2 (exogenous) proteins.
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NK cells
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kills self cells that don't have MHC 1 on surface (if youre not showing what youre making, i'll kill you)
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