Lymphatic System

Front 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 1

Take up excess tissue fluid and returns in to bloodstream
absorbs fats in intestinal villi and transport to blood
defend body against disease

Front 2

Describe structure of lymphatic vessels

Back 2

similar to veins, contains valves and has thin walls

Front 3

What does the movement of lymph depend on?

Back 3

skeletal muscle contraction

Front 4

Edema

Back 4

swelling where excess tissue fluid not picked up

Front 5

Lymph

Back 5

fluid within lymph vessels

Front 6

Describe the pathway of lacteals

Back 6

lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) join to form larger lymphatic vessels these merge to form thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

Front 7

What does R lymphatic duct serve?

Back 7

right everywhere excluding beneath thoracic cavity

Front 8

Where does thoracic duct serve?

Back 8

left everything and everything below thoracic cavity

Front 9

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

Back 9

Thymus gland and red bone marrow

Front 10

Thymus Gland

Back 10

butterfly shaped structure where t lymphocyte mature

Front 11

What hormone does thymus gland produce?

Back 11

thymosin which helps t cells mature

Front 12

Where are blood cells created?

Back 12

in red bone marrow from stem cells

Front 13

Where do B cells develop and mature?

Back 13

in red bone marrow

Front 14

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Back 14

Spleen and lymph nodes

Front 15

Lymph Node

Back 15

2.divided into nodules containing sinus filled lymphocytes
3. filters lymph fluid of debris and pathogens

Front 16

Peyer's Patches

Back 16

lymph nodes on intestinal wall

Front 17

Tonsils

Back 17

lymph nodes on pharynx

Front 18

Adenoids

Back 18

lymph nodes above soft palate

Front 19

Inguinal

Back 19

Lymph node in groin

Front 20

Axillary

Back 20

Lymph node in arm pit

Front 21

Spleen

Back 21

has lymphocytes and macrophages that helps purify blood passing through spleen by removing debris, worn out rbc and pathogens

Front 22

What are the non-specific defences?

Back 22

Physical & chemical barriers, inflammatory response, phagocytic and natural killer cells

Front 23

What are some examples of physical and chemical barriers of non-specific defence?

Back 23

skin, HCL, oil glands, cilia and mucus

Front 24

Which cells does the inflammatory response include?

Back 24

mast and dentritic

Front 25

What chemicals do damaged cells release during inflammatory response?

Back 25

chemokines

Front 26

What do chemokines do?

Back 26

Increase blood vessel permeability
attract other white blood cells
activates mast cells to release histamines

Front 27

Which cell releases histamines?

Back 27

mast cells basophils

Front 28

What do histamines do?

Back 28

makes capillaries more permeable and widens them

Front 29

What causes swelling and increased temperature during inflammatory response?

Back 29

Stimulation of nerve endings due to increased permeability of capillaries

Front 30

Which cells ingest pathogens during inflammatory response?

Back 30

neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

Front 31

How do dendritic cells and macrophages play a role in the acquired immune response?

Back 31

act as antigen presenting cells which activate T and B lymphocytes

Front 32

What chemical do macrophages and neutrophils release?

Back 32

Cytokines

Front 33

What do cytokines cause?

Back 33

attract white blood cells
increase production of white blood cells
cause fever

Front 34

What is pus? and which immune response is it associate with?

Back 34

Inflammatory response and is dead white blood cells

Front 35

Which leukocyte becomes a macrophage when it leaves the blood capillaries to fight an infection during an inflammatory response?

Back 35

monocyte

Front 36

How do natural killer cells target the cells they destroy? which type of organisms do they destroy?

Back 36

absence of a particular marker on the infected cell's surface. cancer or infected cells

Front 37

Adaptive/acquire immunity

Back 37

immunity formed against a specific pathogen

Front 38

Antigens

Back 38

molecules that the body recognizes that does not belong to it

Front 39

Where do B lymphocyte mature?

Back 39

in bone marrow

Front 40

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

Back 40

become plasma cells that secrete antibodies into blood

Front 41

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

Back 41

attack antigen bearing cells or help regulate B cells

Front 42

Antibody-mediated/humoral immunity

Back 42

B cell ingest pathogen and presents a part of the pathogen on an MGC cell receptor for a helper T cell specific to that antigen to recognize
when helper T cells encounter the matching B cell, it releases cytokines that allow the B cell to divide rapidly to become antibody producing plasma cells

Front 43

Clonal Selection Theory

Back 43

where only 1 B and T cell are selected to be cloned based on their specific antigen they were designed for

Front 44

What are the B cells that do not take part in antibody production called?

Back 44

memory B cells

Front 45

Where does clonal selection occur?

Back 45

in spleen, lymph node and blood

Front 46

What is the product of clonal expansion?

Back 46

memory B cells and antibody secreting plasma cells

Front 47

What is another name of antibodies?

Back 47

immunoglobulins

Front 48

What happens when an antigen is bound by an antibody?

Back 48

it is marked for phagocytosis by a neutrophil or macrophage
prevents antigen from harming body

Front 49

Role of cytotoxic T cells?

Back 49

destroy virally infected or cancer cells

Front 50

How do cytotoxic cells kill infected cells?

Back 50

sotrage vacuoles of Tc cells release perforin to create a home in plasma membrane then secrete granzymes (hydrolytic enzymes) enter and destroy infected cell

Front 51

How do T helper cells react to antigen?

Back 51

can only react to pieces of antigen from a APC
when it recognized the APC, it begins to multiply rapidly that are specific to that antigen, then releases cytokines that continue non specific immune response or stimulate Tc cells to destroy infected cells. b cells can ingest antigens too and place it on its MHC receptor but when it does, the corresponding T cell will come to it and attach its receptor to it and release cytokines which cause the B cells to clone themselves to become plasma cells that produce anti bodies

Front 52

What is the role of T suppressor cells?

Back 52

prevent AIDS
regulate immune response

Front 53

What is the role of memory T helper cells?

Back 53

t cells that remained in body after infection was defeated to maintain a memory to a specific antigen so they can defend it again much more efficiently

Front 54

Active immunity

Back 54

Results from infection or vaccination
body has slow antibody production at first exposure but second exposure is much quicker and more intense
dependant on memory T and B cells

Front 55

Passive Immunity

Back 55

person is given antibodies of a particular antigen from another organism
short lived

Front 56

Which blood type can A get? and give?

Back 56

get: A, O
give: AB, A

Front 57

Which blood type can B get? and give?

Back 57

get: B and O
give: AB, B

Front 58

Which blood type can AB get? and give?

Back 58

get: A, B and O
give: AB,

Front 59

Which blood type can O get? and give?

Back 59

get: O
give: all

Front 60

Which blood type can - get? and give?

Back 60

only negative

Front 61

Which blood type can + get? and give?

Back 61

- and +

Front 62

What is the Rh factor?

Back 62

another antigen on RBC

Front 63

What does Rh - and + mean?

Back 63

Rh - means you do not have other antigens aside from O, A, B and AB on your red blood cell

Front 64

What happens when you get the wrong blood type?

Back 64

immune system attacks foreign blood cells and agglutination occurs

Front 65

Agglutination

Back 65

clumping of blood cells and bursting

Front 66

What is blood type dependant on?

Back 66

blood cells carrying antigens on their surface

Front 67

How is blood tested to find out your blood type?

Back 67

usage of antibodies ot a and b antigens

Front 68

complement proteins

Back 68

proteins that help immune system destroy foreign substances
destroy microbes or attract phagocytic cells to sit of infection

Front 69

Which system is a one way system?

Back 69

lymphatic

Front 70

Which type of cells responds to damage?

Back 70

mast cells

Front 71

What is cell mediated immunity?

Back 71

only T cells are involved

Front 72

What is antibody mediated immunity?

Back 72

B cells

Front 73

Name two types of adaptive immunity

Back 73

cell mediated and antibody mediated