Reproductive System

Front 1

What are gametes?

Back 1

haploid sex cells

Front 2

What is the male reproductive system?

Back 2

male gonads (testes)

Front 3

Where do sperm mature and learn how to swim?

Back 3

epididymes

Front 4

Where do sperm enter after the epdidymes? and what is that areas function?

Back 4

vas deferens where they may be stored

Front 5

What is the nutrient rich fluid in which sperm travel through during ejaculation?

Back 5

seminal fluid

Front 6

What type of energy do sperm have at their disposal?

Back 6

sugar fructose

Front 7

What is the function of seminal vesicles?

Back 7

contributes energy such fructose to semen

Front 8

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Back 8

produces secretion containing bicarbonate ion
smooth muscle for ejaculation

Front 9

What type of environment do sperm thrive in?

Back 9

a basic environment because vaginal fluid is acidic

Front 10

What if the function of Cowper's glands(bulbourethral gland)?

Back 10

neutrolizes and lubricates urethra and penis for penetration
flushes out residue in urethra (pre-ejaculate)

Front 11

What hormone contained in sperm causes the uterus to contract?

Back 11

prostaglandins

Front 12

What are testes stored in?

Back 12

scrotum

Front 13

What is the head of the sperm called? What is its function?

Back 13

acrosome, contains enzymes that help penetrate egg

Front 14

What is the function of seminiferous tubules?

Back 14

produce sperm

Front 15

What is the production of sperm called?

Back 15

spermatogenesis

Front 16

What is the first form of sperm?

Back 16

spermatogonia

Front 17

what is the second stage of a sperm?

Back 17

spermatocyte

Front 18

What is the third stage of a sperm?

Back 18

Spermatid

Front 19

What is the last stage of a sperm?

Back 19

Spermatozoa

Front 20

Describe the life cycle of a sperm to become mature

Back 20

Spermatogonia (1) goes through mitosis to become a spermatocyte (1) and then goes through meiosis to become a spermatocyte (42 then goes through meiosis to become a spermatid (4), then eventually matures to become a spermatozoa

Front 21

What is the function of a Sertoli cell (sustentacular cell) ?

Back 21

support, nourish and regulate spermatogenic cells

Front 22

Where is the mitochondria located on the sperm?

Back 22

middle piece

Front 23

Why is the mitochondria needed on the middle piece of the sperm?

Back 23

to produce ATP energy to move the tail

Front 24

What is another name for male sex hormone?

Back 24

androgen

Front 25

What is the function of interstitial cells?

Back 25

secretes testosterone under influence of LH from anterior pituitary

Front 26

Where are interstitial cells found?

Back 26

between the seminiferous tubules (in testes)

Front 27

Which hormone does the hypothalamus secrete that allows it to control the testes' function?

Back 27

its neurosecretory cells secrete into the anterior pituitary gland gonadotropin releasing hormone

Front 28

Which organ does the gonadotropin releasing hormone affect?

Back 28

anterior pituitary gland because it causes the gland to release gonadotropin hormones

Front 29

What are two examples of gonadotropin hormones?

Back 29

Follicle stimulation hormones (FSH) and lutenizing hormones (LH)

Front 30

What is the function of follicle stimulation hormone in men?

Back 30

promotes the production of sperm within seminiferous tubule

Front 31

What is the inhibitor released in response to FSh?

Back 31

inhibin, inhibits FSH synthesis

Front 32

How does luteinizing hormone affect men?

Back 32

increase production of testosterone
(interstitial cell stimuatling hormones, ICSH)

Front 33

What is in common with all gonadotropin hormones?

Back 33

They all involve negative feedback

Front 34

What are the effects testosterone has on the body?

Back 34

puberty
lower voice
hairy
muscle
broad shoulders

Front 35

What is the name of the canal the testicles descend during embryonic development?

Back 35

inguinal canal

Front 36

What is cryptorchidism?

Back 36

testicles dont descend from abdomen

Front 37

What is the function of the scrotum?

Back 37

to allow for cooler temperatures to store sperm

Front 38

How many chromosomes are there in human sex cell?

Back 38

23

Front 39

At which stage of sperm's life do Sertoli cells nourish the sperm?

Back 39

spermatozoa, mature

Front 40

What suspends testes in scrotum?

Back 40

spermatic cords

Front 41

What is a hernia?

Back 41

abdominal contents pushed into inguinal canal and into scrotum (small intestine)

Front 42

Which part of the nervous system causes an erection?

Back 42

parasympathetic

Front 43

What are the 3 components of the penis?

Back 43

glans penis
foreskin
erectile tissue

Front 44

What is the cone-shaped terminal portion of penis covered with nerve endings for sensitivity?

Back 44

glans penis

Front 45

Which part in the penis produces smegma?

Back 45

smegma, lubricates foreskin

Front 46

What produces prostaglandins, fructose and proteins for sperm?

Back 46

seminal vesicles

Front 47

What is the path of sperm during ejaculation?

Back 47

seminiferous tubules ---> epididymis ---> vas deferens ---> ejaculatory duct ----> prostate gland ----> urethra ---> BOOM

Front 48

What is ovulation?

Back 48

when an egg bursts from the ovaries

Front 49

What is the function of oviducts?

Back 49

(fallopian tube)
to contract and move egg towards uterus

Front 50

Where does the fertilization, final stages of oogenesis and zygote formation of egg normally occur?

Back 50

in fallopian tubes

Front 51

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Back 51

implantation inside fallopian tube

Front 52

What is the function of the uterus?

Back 52

muscular organ for nurturing the egg

Front 53

What is the cervix?

Back 53

opening of uterus that is inside vagina

Front 54

Which layer within the uterus forms the placenta?

Back 54

Endometrium with the basal and functional layers

Front 55

What is the test for cervical cancer called?

Back 55

Pap Smear

Front 56

What is a hysterectomy?

Back 56

removal of uterus if cancer is found

Front 57

What is the vulva?

Back 57

all the external female genitalia

Front 58

What is the fatty prominence under pubic hair?

Back 58

mons pubis

Front 59

What is oogenesis?

Back 59

production of an egg or oocyte

Front 60

What fingerlike projections sweep the ovaries? and which structure do they belong to?

Back 60

fimbriae, fallopian tube

Front 61

What is the labia majora?

Back 61

it is the largest flaps in the vagina

Front 62

What is contained within the labia majora?

Back 62

labia minora, clitoris, hymen

Front 63

Clitoris

Back 63

homologous to penis with erectile tissue

Front 64

Labia Minora

Back 64

Flaps at opening of vagina

Front 65

Hymen

Back 65

ring of tissue that partially closes vagina

Front 66

Which part of the vagina lubricates it?

Back 66

labia minora and blood vessels secrete fluids

Front 67

How does follicle stimulating hormone affect women?

Back 67

stimulates follicular development in ovary causes estrogen and progesterone to be secreted

Front 68

How does luteinizing hormone affect women?

Back 68

involved in uterine cycle and development of corpus luteum which secretions progesterone and estrogen

Front 69

What produces and secretes sex hormones in a woman?

Back 69

ovarian follicles

Front 70

What are oocytes surrounded by?

Back 70

follicular cells

Front 71

What is weeks 1-2 called and what occurs?

Back 71

follicular phase
1.one primary oocyte does meiosis 1 forms two cells, primary oocyte and first polar body (both 4n)
2.first polar body degenerates and other cell remains in follicle to become secondary oocyte/follicle since it is surrounded by follicular cells which release hormones such as estrogen and a bit of preogesterone
3. secondary oocyte/follicle begins meisosis 2 but stops at metaphase 2, it will only complete this mitosis when it become fertilized inside fallopian tubes

Front 72

What happens to the secondary oocyte if it gets FSH secretions from the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 72

enlarges to become Graafian follicle

Front 73

What happens as the graafian follicle grows bigger?

Back 73

if forms a bulge that merges with wall of ovary and will burst releasing the secondary oocyte also known as ovulation

Front 74

What is the substance that surrounds the secondary oocyte?

Back 74

a mucoprotein called zona pellucida

Front 75

What is the function of zona pellucida?

Back 75

surrounds secondary oocyte after it bursts from Graafian follicle, helps sperm acrosomal enzyme function and bind sperm to egg

Front 76

What happens to a follicle once it has lost its secondary oocyte?

Back 76

it becomes a corpus luteum, a hormone releasing structure

Front 77

What causes the follicle phase to come to an end?

Back 77

increase in estrogen levels stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to reduce the levels of follicle stimulating hormone

Front 78

What happens when there's a spike in estrogen at a time of ovulation?

Back 78

stimulates hypothalamus which secretes more gonadotropin release hormone , this causes teh anterior pituitary gland to release more LH and FSH,

Front 79

What is thought to be the cause of ovulation?

Back 79

increased luteinizing hormone levels

Front 80

What does corpus luteum secrete?

Back 80

progesterone

Front 81

Describe the Luteal Phase

Back 81

1. corpus luteum formed
2. produces progesterone
3. causes development of uterus for sustaining embryo
4. negative feedback on anterior pituitary gland/hypothalamus
5. decreases LH production and degeneration of corpus luteum
6. lacteal phase over and bursting of blood vessels and degeneration of uteral lining

Front 82

Describe Day 1-5 of a woman's month

Back 82

blood vessels rupture, menstruation
low estrogen and progesterone, disintergration of uterine lining

Front 83

Describe Day 6-13 of a woman's month, what is this phase also called?

Back 83

Increased production of estrogen by ovarian follicle, (follicular phase)
endometrium becomes thicker and more vascular due to estrogen, called proliferative phase IMPORTANT Ovulation occurs

Front 84

Describe Day 15-28 of a woman's month, what is this phase called?

Back 84

corpus luteum causes endometrium to double in thickness due to more progesterone secretions and uterine glands produce thick mucus secretion
if not pregnant corpus luteum degenerates, blood vessels burst and uterine lining breakdown

Front 85

What is the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

Back 85

during the follicular cycle where increased estrogen levels cause the thickening of the uterus

Front 86

What is the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

Back 86

part of the luteal cycle where due to increased progesterone levels the uterus releases a thick mucus

Front 87

Describe the development of an embryo

Back 87

1. fertilized egg
2. embeds itself on endometrial layer days after fertilization
3. placenta forms from both maternal and fetal tissues
4. provides exchange in molecules between fetal and maternal blood

Front 88

What hormone does the placenta produce?

Back 88

HCG, human chorionic gonadotropic hormone

Front 89

How does HCG affect the body?

Back 89

it prevents degeneration the corpus luteum which prevents the drop in estrogen and progesterone

Front 90

What effects does the placenta have when it produces estrogen and progesterone during its development?

Back 90

1. maintains endometrium
2. shut down anterior pituitary gland to prevent new follicles from forming and menstruation stops

Front 91

Where is oxytocin produced?

Back 91

in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland

Front 92

What are the effects of oxytocin on the body?

Back 92

smooth muscle contraction in the uterus, causes labor and stimulates lactation

Front 93

What is unique about the hormone oxytocin compared to the gonadotropin hormones?

Back 93

it has a positive feed back

Front 94

How do you know if your wife about to pop a baby out?

Back 94

1. amnion, amniotic fluid, breaking water
2. uterine contractions
3. plug of mucus to prevent bacteria from entering during pregnancy

Front 95

What prevents bacteria from entering the vagina during pregnancy?

Back 95

plug of mucus

Front 96

What is the function of the placenta?

Back 96

waste removal, gas exchange and nourishment of fetus

Front 97

Which blood vessel brings blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus?

Back 97

umbilical vein

Front 98

What blood vessels take blood full of waste CO2 away from the fetus?

Back 98

umbilical artery

Front 99

What carries blood to and away from the embryo?

Back 99

umbilical veins and arteries

Front 100

What does the foramen ovale do for the embryo?

Back 100

allows passage of blood from right to left atrium to bypass lungs
opening between right and left atria

Front 101

What does ductus arteriosus do for the embryo?

Back 101

blood vessel connecting pulmonary artery to aorta allowing blood to bypass lungs

Front 102

What does the ductus venosus do for the embryo?

Back 102

between umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
allows blood to bypass liver

Front 103

What causes blue baby condition?

Back 103

flap not covering oval opening
between umbilical vein and inferior vena cava

Front 104

What are four features in circulation that humans do not have that fetuses do?

Back 104

1. umbilical veins and arteries
2. oval opening
3. artial duct
4. venus duct