Excretory System

Front 1

What are four nitrogenous wastes created by the body?

Back 1

Ammonia
Uric Acid
Urea
Creatinine

Front 2

How is ammonia formed?

Back 2

by deamination

Front 3

What is deamination?

Back 3

the removal of amine groups from amino acids

Front 4

How and why is urea formed?

Back 4

The liver converts ammonia into urea by binding two molecules of ammonia to CO2. This occurs due to ammonia being more toxic than urea

Front 5

What is the function of creatine?

Back 5

it is a phosphate storage molecule that helps convert ADP to ATP

Front 6

How does creatine convert ADP to ATP?

Back 6

it gives up its phosphate group

Front 7

What is creatine excreted as in the urine?

Back 7

creatinine

Front 8

How is uric acid formed?

Back 8

Forms when nucleotides are broken down

Front 9

Osmoregulation

Back 9

maintenance of appropriate water and salt balance in blood

Front 10

What makes urine yellow?

Back 10

urochrome

Front 11

What is urochrome made by?

Back 11

liver breaking down heme

Front 12

Which component of blood causes osmosis?

Back 12

Salt

Front 13

Which component of blood increases blood pressure and volume as its concentration increases?

Back 13

Salt

Front 14

What form of CO2 is excreted by the kidney?

Back 14

bicarbonate ion

Front 15

What are four excretory organs?

Back 15

liver, lungs, kidney, skin

Front 16

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Back 16

1. maintain H2O and salt balance
2. maintain acid-base balance by secreting H ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions
3. secretion of hormones that promote sodium and water absorption in kidney

Front 17

What is the function of ureters?

Back 17

muscular tube from kidney to bladder

Front 18

what process do ureters undergo to transport urine to the bladder?

Back 18

peristalsis

Front 19

What is the function of the bladder?

Back 19

storage place for urine

Front 20

What is the function of the urethra?

Back 20

transports urine outside of body

Front 21

What surrounds the kidney?

Back 21

renal capsule

Front 22

Where is the gomeruli found within the kidney?

Back 22

Renal cortex

Front 23

Where is the Bowman's capsule found within the kidney?

Back 23

renal cortex

Front 24

Where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules found within the kidney?

Back 24

renal cortex

Front 25

Where is the Loop of Henle found within the kidney?

Back 25

renal medulla

Front 26

Where are the collecting ducts found within the kidney?

Back 26

medulla

Front 27

What two structures make up the renal pyramids?

Back 27

Loop of Henle and collecting ducts

Front 28

Where in the kidney are salts, H2O and ions controlled?

Back 28

renal medulla

Front 29

In which region of the kidney is where urine leaves?

Back 29

renal pelvis

Front 30

What is the function of nephrons?

Back 30

to filter blood

Front 31

Describe the path of blood through the kidney

Back 31

Renal Artery --> afferent arteriole -->glomerulus (knot of capillaries inside of Bowman's capsule) ---> efferent arteriole ----> peritubular capillaries ---> venules --> renal vein ---> inferoir vena cava

Front 32

Where does glomerular filtration occur?

Back 32

inside Bowman's capsule

Front 33

What is the name of the knots of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule?

Back 33

glomerulus

Front 34

What is glomerular filtration?

Back 34

podocytes cling to glomerular capillaries leaving small holes that allow passage of fluids and other materials into Bowman's capsule

Front 35

Which cells take part in glomerular filtration?

Back 35

podycytes

Front 36

What is the name of the tube that directly follows the Bowman's capsule?

Back 36

Proximal Convoluted Tube

Front 37

What tube functions in reabsorbing filtrate in the nephrons?

Back 37

Proximal Convoluted Tube

Front 38

Which tube has microvilli in the nephrons?

Back 38

Proximal Convoluted tube

Front 39

Where does salt and water reabsorption occur?

Back 39

Loop of Henle

Front 40

Which component of the Loop of Henle is not permeable to water?

Back 40

ascending

Front 41

Which component of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water?

Back 41

Descending limb

Front 42

Where does tubular secretion occur?

Back 42

Distal convoluted tube

Front 43

What occurs at the distal convoluted tubule?

Back 43

molecules from peritubular capillaries move into distal convoluted tubules

Front 44

What does tubular secretion involve the secretion of?

Back 44

uric acid, hydrogen ions and ammonia

Front 45

What is the function of the collecting ducts within the nephron?

Back 45

send urine to renal pelvis

Front 46

What substances are found within glomerular filtrate?

Back 46

water, creatinine, bicarbonate ion, nutrients, salts

Front 47

What is the main factor that causes glomerular filtration?

Back 47

high blood pressure

Front 48

Which large molecules cannot pass through the glomerulus?

Back 48

blood cells, large proteins, platelets

Front 49

Where do the molecules enter and leave the glomerulus?

Back 49

afferent arteriole is entering and efferent arteriole is leaving

Front 50

What is tubular secretion?

Back 50

substances are transported from the interstitial fluid or blood into tubules

Front 51

What is tubular reabsorption?

Back 51

active and passive transport of substances back into blood

Front 52

How does passive reabsorption occur?

Back 52

water, nutrients and salts reabsorbed into blood according to their concentration gradient since blood has higher solute concentration

Front 53

Describe active reabsorption

Back 53

Na ions are pumped out of the proximal tube actively and Cl ions follow it into the peritubular capillaries. this increases the osmarity of blood making water leave the proximal tube too and entering the peritubular capillaries due to osmosis

Front 54

Which ion is always secreted into proximal capillaries and which is always reasorbed into peritubular capillaries to control pH

Back 54

H ions
bicarbonate ions

Front 55

What are the collecting ducts permeable to and not permeable to?

Back 55

water and not salt

Front 56

What is released due to increased solute concentration in the blood?

Back 56

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 57

What are the effects of ADH on the body?

Back 57

maintain more water, reabsorption of water from distal tubules & collecting ducts

Front 58

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

Back 58

proximal convoluted tubules

Front 59

What hormone will decrease in concentration when you drink too much water?

Back 59

ADH

Front 60

Diuresis

Back 60

increased urine production

Front 61

What are the effects of diuretics?

Back 61

increase urine productions. lowers NA ion reabsoption so more water in urine

Front 62

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 62

area of contact between afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule

Front 63

Where is the blood pressure sensed within the kidney?

Back 63

cells on afferent arteriole

Front 64

Where is renin secreted? and why?

Back 64

due to low blood volume and pressure which cannot support glomerular filtration, it is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 65

What is the function of renin?

Back 65

changes angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

Front 66

What is angiotensinogen made by?

Back 66

plasma protein made by liver

Front 67

What is angiotensin 1 converted into angiotensin 2 by?

Back 67

ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme

Front 68

What is the function of angiotensin 2?

Back 68

it is a vasoconstrictor that causes the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Front 69

What is the function of aldosterone?

Back 69

Causes more Na ion reabsorption which causes more water reabsorption
raises b.p and b.v

Front 70

Which ion is secreted as Na ion is being reabsorbed due to aldosterone?

Back 70

Potassium

Front 71

When is ANH or ANP released?

Back 71

when atrium is stretched too much

Front 72

What does ANH stand for and do?

Back 72

atrial natriuretic peptide/hormone
inhibits renin release from juxtaglomerular apparatus, so inhibits aldosterone which causes more salt secretion and water secretion

Front 73

What happens to the pH of blood when breathing rate increase and decreases?

Back 73

increases: alkalosis, too many H ions lost
decreases: acidosis too many H ions in body

Front 74

What is secreted into the kidneys when blood is too acidic?

Back 74

H ions and NH3 in distal tubules

Front 75

What acts as a buffer from urine and where does it come form?

Back 75

NH3 + H = NH4

Front 76

What is absorbed by the kidney if the blood is too acidic?

Back 76

Na + bicarbonate ion
NaHCO3 is a base

Front 77

Why is NH3 secreted into the distal tubule when the blood is too acidic along with H ions?

Back 77

to form NH4 which so NH3 is a buffer in urine

Front 78

Why are bicarbonate ions and sodium ions reabsorbed back into the blood when it is too acidic?

Back 78

sodium ions and bicarbonate ions join to form a base

Front 79

What do the kidneys do when the blood is too basic?

Back 79

lower tubular secretion, to maintain NH3 and H which forms an acid NH4 and lower reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and sodium which combine to form a base

Front 80

How do the kidneys maintain a normal pH of blood?

Back 80

excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

Front 81

What area in the kidney is responsible for regulation of blood pH?

Back 81

distal tubule

Front 82

The majority of cells equipped with receptor sites for the hormone ADH are located in which area within the kidney?

Back 82

collecting ducts

Front 83

Increased solute concentration of the blood is detected by the

Back 83

hypothalamus

Front 84

What do kidneys secrete to stimulate red blood cell production?

Back 84

erythropoietin

Front 85

What do the kidneys activate that help promotes calcium ion absorption in digestive tract?

Back 85

Vitamin D

Front 86

What increases the concentration of urea?

Back 86

loss of water, too little water

Front 87

Where do the substances that are present in the end product of urine come from?

Back 87

tubular secretion, glomerular filtration filtrate that has no been reabsorbed

Front 88

What is permeable to the collecting ducts and what isn't?

Back 88

water, salt

Front 89

What is the name of the water channels that water molecules pass through?

Back 89

aquaporins

Front 90

Where is most of the sodium absorbed on the nephron?

Back 90

proximal convoluted tube

Front 91

What substance contributes to the higher solute concentration in the inner medulla of the kidney?

Back 91

urea leaking from collective duct

Front 92

What is the concurrent multiplier?

Back 92

How salts leave ascending limb of loop of Henle and water leaves descending limb.

Front 93

Where in the loop of Henle is the osmotic pressure higher?

Back 93

lower in the loop, the higher the osmotic pressure

Front 94

What releases ADH? What produces ADH?

Back 94

posterior pituitary gland
neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus

Front 95

How does ADH affect the collecting duct?

Back 95

absence of ADH causes collecting ducts to be impermeable to water but ADH stimulates the production of aquaporins in cells of collecting duct

Front 96

Which area has receptor sites for ADH?

Back 96

collective ducts

Front 97

Which area has receptor sites of aldosterone?

Back 97

distal tubule

Front 98

Where does active reabsorption of salt occur in the loop of Henle? How about passive reabsorption?

Back 98

passive: thin
active: thick

Front 99

What creates an osmotic gradient in the kidney?

Back 99

loop of henle