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100 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Describe the pathway of oxygen in the body

Oxygen is moved to the lungs then to the cells

Describe the pathway of carbon dioxide in the body

Carbon dioxide is move away from the cells to outside of the body

Inhalation

Air is taken into body

Exhalation

Air is moved out of body

What happens to air as it moves along air passages throughout the respiratory system?

Filtered
Warmed
Hydrated

Nostrils

opening to nasal cavities

What is the nasal cavity separated by?

bone or cartillage

What filters contaminants inside the nasal cavities?

Hairs and cilia

What do nasal cavities warm incoming air with?

blood vessels

Lacrimal Glands

tear ducts that empties into nasal cavities

Sinus

Cavities in the skull lined with a mucus membrane connected to nasal cavities

How many nasal cavities are there in the nose?

two

Eustachian Tube

connects middle ear to nasal cavities

Pharynx

Where air from mouth or nose enters & where trachea, larynx and esophagus are found

What are the three components of the pharynx?

Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx

Larynx

on top of the trachea

Where is the adam's apple located?

at front of larynx

Glottis

opening lying above larynx

Epiglottis

covers the trachea while swallowing to prevent choking

Vocal Folds

Mucus membranes & elastic ligaments that vibrate as air passes them to create sound

What kind of sound do more narrow chords produce?

High pitched

Trachea

main air tube

What allows that trachea to maintain its shape?

Cartilaginous c-shaped rings

What is in the trachea that keeps the airway clean?

Lined with cilia that help keep airway clean by sweeping up contaminants caught in mucus to the throat where they are swallowed

Tracheostomy

Opening is made in trachea if blocked

What two cartilages is the larynx made of?

Thyroid cartilage & cricoid cartilage

What do you find at the end of the trachea?

bronchi

How are the lungs shaped?

3 lobes on the right lung and 2 lobes on the left to accomodate the heart

What are the lobes of the lung further divided into?

smaller lobules

Bronchus

Branched structure found in the lungs connected to the trachea and where the alveoli are found

Describe the structure of bronchi as you move further down the lungs

They have cartilaginous rings but eventually divide until they lose their cartilage. Eventually they become so thin that they become bronchi which end in small sacs called alveoli

About how many alveoli do you have in the lungs?

300 million

What is the total surface area of your alveoli?

50-70 meters squared

Describe the structure of alveoli

! cell layer thick (simple squamous epithelium) & covered by capillaries

What prevents alveoli from collapsing?

a thin film of lipoprotein surfactant that lowers surface tension which prevents them from collapsing and clinging due to surface tension of water

What causes alveoli to collapse if lipoprotein surfactant is not present?

surface tension of water

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Babies do not produce lipoprotein surfactant and have collapse of alveoli

What is the treatment of infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Surfactant replacement therapy

What are two types of breathing?

Inspiration & expiration

External Respiration

O2, Co2 & H2O exchange between air and blood in capillaries surrounding alveoli

Internal Respriation

O2, CO2 and H2O exchange between tissues and blood capillaries

Cellular Respiration


ATP production in mitochondria

Tidal Volume

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled at rest
500 mL

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Forced inspiration
3 L

Expiratory Reserve volume

Volume of air exhaled beyond tidal volume -forced exhalation
1.4L

Which respiratory volumes are used with physical activity

Expiratory & inspiratory reserve volume

Residual Volume

Air remaining in lungs even after forced expiration
1 L

Emphysema

Residual volume builds and not used fro gas exchange reducing vital capacity

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and out
Sum of Tidal volume + inspiratory volume + expiratory volume = 4.5 - 5.7 L

Functional Residual Capacity

Volume of air in lungs at end of passive expiration
ERV + RV = 2.5L

Where do you find the air that is not involved in gas exchange?

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx

The lungs are sealed in the ______________

Thoracic Cavity

Inspiratory Capacity

Maximum of air able to be breathed in
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

Total Lung Capacity

Maximum amount of air in lungs after forced inspiration

What is the thoracic cavity lined with?

Rib Cage

What is the domed muscle that forms the lower part of the thoracic cavity?

Diaphragm

Pleural Membrane

Double membrane associated with lungs and thoracic cavity

What are the two membranes surrounding the lungs?

Visceral & Parietal Pleura

Parietal Pleura

Outermost layer of lungs

Visceral Pleura

Attached to lung exterior

What is found between the two pleural membranes and what is it called?

Thin layer of fluid called intrapleural space

Intrapleural Pressure

About 4mm Hg less than atmosphere, reason why it's called negative pressure

Pneumothorax

Air enters intrapleural space and causes lungs to collapse

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

Active, requires energy

What senses Co2 & H ion level in blood?

Respiratory center in medulla, then causes inspiration

Do arteries detect the levels of H ions, CO2 and O2 or veins?

Arteries

Which arteries sense the levels of H ions, CO@ and O2?

Carotid bodies in carotid arteries and aortic bodies in aorta

What are two examples of chemoreceptors in the body and what do they send signals to?

Aortic and carotid bodies send signals via nerves to the respiratory centre in the medulla

What causes a higher rate and depth of breathing?

More CO2 and H ions in blood

Phrenic Nerve

nerve to diaphragm that causes contraction

Intercostal Nerves

send nerve impulses to intercostal muscles to contract

Where are intercostal muscles found?

Rib Cage

What happens when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract?

volume of thoracic cavity expands ----> lungs expand ----> negative pressure in lungs ----> air enters lungs

What does negative pressure of lungs mean?

When lungs expand with the same amount of gas within them, the pressure decreases which then causes more gas to rush into the lungs

What happens if you inhale deeply?

Stretch receptors in alveoli -----> inhibitory nerve impulses to respiratory centre ---> stops sending signals to diaphragm and intercostals

IS expiration passive or active?

passive

When can expiration be active?

During exercise

Describe what happens within the body during expiration

Respiratory sends stop signal to diaphragm and rib muscles to relax. then abdominal organs press against diaphragm which decreases volume of chesty cavity which then increases pressure then pushes air out

What type of gas exchange occurs between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?

Diffusion

What type of gas exchange occurs between tissue and pulmonary capillaries?

Diffusion

How many bindings sites does hemoglobin have for oxygen?

4

What is oxygen bound to hemoglobin called

oxyhemoglobin

What does oxyhemoglobin release into tissues when it becomes unbound?

O2 and water (from plasma)

What enters the venule side of blood? and by what process?

CO2, metabolic waste and water by diffusion and osmosis

What does CO2 + H2O produce?

H2CO3 - carbonic acid

What catalyzes the synthesis of carbonic acid?

Carbonic Anhydrase

What does H2CO3 dissociate to form?

H ion + HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Why does H2CO3 dissociate in blood cells?

Water in blood cells

What occurs to the H ions and HCO3 after H2CO3 dissociates?

H ions bind to hemoglobin to produced HHB or reduced Hb and HCO3 leaves rbc's to plasma where it acts as a buffer
some very small amounts transported as dissolved gas in plasma as well

What is an H ion bound to hemoglobin called?

Reduced Hb

What is a CO2 bound to a hemoglobin named as?

Carbaminohemoglobin HBCO2

What is found at alveolar capillaries?

Hemoglobin transporting H ions or CO2
Plasma transporting HCO3 ions and very little CO2 gas

Why is the pH and temp lower at tissues?

To allow the release of CO2 and H ions from HB

Describe what occurs during external respiration (CO2 exchange)

HCO3 + H ion to form carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase then carbonic acid is converted into H2O and CO2 by carbonic anhydrase then CO2 is released into alveoli from red blood cells, dissolved CO2 in plasma or from HbCO2, some water also leaves alveoli

What is a hemoglobin called when it loses its oxygen?

Deoxyhemoglobin

What does diffusion require?

a concentration gradient

What type of pressure do gases exert?

Partial Pressure

Describe the partial pressure of pulmonary capillaries

The P.P of CO2 is higher and the P.P of oxygen is lower in the pulmonary capillaries so CO2 diffuses out of capillaries into alveoli while Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries

What happens as Partial Pressure of O2 increases?

Oxyhemoglobin saturation also increases

What does a rise in temperature do to the oxyhemoglobin concentration?

It will lower it