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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Against the man"; general category of fallacies in which an argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the person making the argument
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Ad Hominem
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"Against the man -- you, too!"; fallacy claiming that an argument is invalid because the person making the argument spoke or acted hyprocritically.
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Ad Hominem Tu Quoque
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"Appeal to Authority" Inverse of Ad Hominem in that this fallacy caims an argument is valid because the person making the argument has some unsubstantiated expertise or authority. "studies show..."; "experts claim...";
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Ad Verecundiam
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Appeal to Belief; if many believe so, it is so
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Argumentum Ad Populum
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Appeal to Tradition; opposite of Argumentum Ad Novitatem (Appeal to Novelty); logical fallacy in which an argument is deemed correct on the basis that it correlates with tradition "we've always done it this way." aka , proof from tradition, appeal to common practice, and false induction.
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Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem
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Appeal to Consequences; aka wishful thinking; conclusion that a premise is true or false based on whether the premise leads to desireable or undesirable consequences; an appeal to emotion flaw
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Argumentum Ad Consequentiam
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Appeal to Fear; FUD: fear, uncertainty, and doubt; an appeal to emotion flaw;
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Argumentum Ad Metum
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Appeal to Pity; an appeal to emotion flaw;
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Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
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Appeal to Spite; an appeal to emotion flaw; an attempt to win favor for an argument by exploiting schadenfreude
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Argumentum Ad Odium
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Ambiguous Reference; letting a grammar ambiguity lead to weird conclusions; a reference with multiple or unclear meanings ("I shot a panda in my pyjamas")
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Amphiboly
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Appeal to novelty; inverse of argumentum ad antiquitatem
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Argumentum Ad Novitatem
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Draws evidence from cases specifically chosen to support the conclusion
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Anecdotal Evidence
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Appeal to Force; explicit or veiled threat; "argument to the stick"
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Argumentum Ad Baculum
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Appeal to Ignorance; argument mistakes lack of evidence for evidence to the contrary ("No one knows it is true. Therefore it is false.")
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Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam
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Appeal to Pity; attempts to persuade by provoking feelings of sympathy
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Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
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Fallacy that only two choices exist, when many more choices in fact exist
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False Dilemma
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"Of Many Questions"; Loaded question; complex question; trick question; "Are you still beating your wife?"; rhetorical question that, when answered, is admitting something that should not be admitted
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Plurium Interrogationum
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"To a maxim without qualification"; a fallacy based on oversimplification; draws conclusion from over-simplistic statement of a rule: (1) Destroying exception by insisting on the rule; or (2) Destroying rule by insisting on exception; hasty generalization
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Ad Dictum Simpliciter
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Turns on a confusion of the collective sense of a class with the distributive sense of a class: (1) Composition-moves from parts to whole; or (2) Division-moves from whole to parts
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Distributive Fallacy
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Authorities in one field are used to endorse products in an other field; may also be Ad Verecundiam
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Ipse Dixit
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Mistaking a false cause of an event for the real cause
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Non Causa Pro Causa
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Conclusion does not follow the evidence
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Non-Sequitur
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Begging the question or circular reasoning; beginning with a premise that is acceptable only to anyone who will agree with he conclusion that is subsequently reached;
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Petitio Principii
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confusing "after" with "because"-assuming that because x happens AFTER y, y caused x
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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
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"Straw Man"; misrepresents position that it seeks to refute
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Argumentum Ad Logicam
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