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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Non Causa Pro Causa |
Mistaking a false cause of an event for the real cause
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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
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confusing "after" with "because"-assuming that because x happens AFTER y, y caused x
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Unrelated Testimonials
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authorities in one field are used to endorse products in an other field
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Questionable Authority
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"studies show..."; "experts claim..."
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Non-Sequitur
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Conclusion does not follow the evidence
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Begging the Question (or circular reasoning)
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Beginning with a premise that is acceptable only to anyone who will agree witht he conclusion that is subsequently reached
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False Premise
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Beginning with false assumption that the audience is made to believe is true
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False Generalization
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Using "all," "everyone," "always," "never," etc.-offering a generalization based on incomplete for nonexistent evidence
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Fishing for Data (Post-Designation)
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Draws a conclusion from correlations observed in a sample, but only after the sample has already been drawn
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Hasty Generalization
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Draws a conclusion from a sample that is too small, i.e. is made up of too few cases
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False analogy
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Using an analogy to make a comparison and then reasoning from comparison as if it were a fact; makes error or assuming because 2 things are alike in one way, they are alike in all ways
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Reasoning Backward
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Assumes that because members of a particular group have a characteristic in common, anyone with that characteristic must belong to the group
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Ambiguous Reference
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Reference with multiple/unclear meanings ("I shot a panda in my pyjamas")
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Appeal to Ignorance
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Argument mistakes lack of evidence for evidence to the contrary ("No one knows it is true. Therefore it is false.")
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Appeal to Tradition
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Supports a position by appealing to long-standing or traditional opinion, as it the past itself were an authority
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Black and White Thinking *(or False Dilemma)
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Leaps from falsity of one position to the truth of its contrary w/o middle ground
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Dicto Simpliciter
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Draws conclusion from over-simplistic statement of a rule
Destroying exception by insisting on the rule; or Destroying rule by insisting on exception |
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Complex Question
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Rhetorical question that, when answered, is admitting something that should not be admitted
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Tu Quoque
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Supports position by showing that its shortcomings are shard by an opposing position ("Mine's bad, but your's is just as bad.")
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Straw Man
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Misrepresents position that it seeks to refute
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Phantom Distinction
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Appeals to a distinction that ultimately cannot be explained or defended in a meaningful way
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Speculative Evidence
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Draws conclusion from an assertion about what the evidence WOULD show if someone were to look at it
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Inductive Hyperbole
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Draws a conclusion that is stated more strongly than the evidence actually supports
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Distributive Fallacy
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Turns on a confusion of the collective sense of a class with the distributive sense of a class
Composition-moves from parts to whole; or Division-moves from whole to parts |
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Anecdotal Evidence
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Draws evidence from cases specifically chosen to support the conclusion
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Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
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From a statement of fact, argument draws a counterfactual claim
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Vacuous Explanation
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Proposes an explanation w/o clear meaning ("whatever explains the phenomenon...")
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Ad Hominem-Abusive
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Attacks a position by appealing to despicable qualities and over-all lowness of people who hole position
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Ad Hominem-Circumstantial
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Attacks position by appealing to vested interests of people who hold the position
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Hitting Below the Belt
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Attacking opposition's life, family, appearence, etc.
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Damning with Faint Praise
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"attacks" a position by complimenting or praising opponent unenthusiastically
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Jingoism/Appeal to Patriotism
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Attempts to persuade by calling one's community spirit
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Appeal to Force
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Explicit or veiled threat
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Appeal to Hope/Wishful Thinking
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Attempts to persuade by invoking hopes and desires
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Appeal to Pity
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Attempts to persuade by provoking feelings of sympathy
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Bandwagon
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Suggests something is true because everone else believes it is
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Slippery Slope
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Says taking one action will inevitably lead to an undesireable conclusion
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Naturalistic Fallacy
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Arguing something because it is or isn't "natural"
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