Linguistics Final Review

Front 1

What are the places of articulation?

Back 1

They are bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, alveopalatal, velar, and glottal.

Front 2

How are voiced sounds voiced?

Back 2

Voiced sounds are made by bringing the vocal cords together.

Front 3

What are the manners of articulation?

Back 3

They are a stop, a nasal, a fricative, an affricate, a glide, a liquid,

Front 4

How do we describe vowels?

Back 4

We describe vowels by naming the placement of the tongue (height and degree of backness), the tenseness, and the lip rounding.

Front 5

Where are vowels articulated?

Back 5

Vowels are articulated in the palatal/velar regions.

Front 6

What are suprasegementals?

Back 6

Suprasegementals are features of languages are are not directly on an individual segment, like tone and pitch, stress, and length.

Front 7

What is assimilation?

Back 7

Assimilation is when one segment acquires qualities from its environment to make pronunciation easier.

Front 8

What is lip rounding?

Back 8

Lip rounding is when a segment before a rounded segment is also more rounded than usual (place of articulation, regressive). This is represented by a superscripted w.

Front 9

What is vowel nasalization?

Back 9

This is when a segment before a nasal segment is also nasalized. It is represented by a superscripted ˜. (manner, regressive)

Front 10

What is fronting of alveolars?

Back 10

This is when alveolars move more towards the front. This regressive assimilation method to the place of articulation is represented by a subscripted sideways bracket.

Front 11

What is aspiration?

Back 11

This is when a stop at the beginning of the word has a small delay before the voicing of the vowel. This is not assimilation, it progressive, and is represented by a superscripted h.

Front 12

What is devoicing of approximants?

Back 12

This progressive assimilation process is represented by a subscripted circle.

Front 13

What is the difference between broad and narrow transcription?

Back 13

Narrow transcription includes the suprasegmental features and the finer phonetic detail. Broad transcriptions omits these details.

Front 14

What are other phonological processes?

Back 14

Deletion, epenthesis, dissimilation, metathesis, vowel reduction are all others.

Front 15

What are the 4 steps to solving phonological problems?

Back 15

You must establish the distribution, collapse the environments, generalize the environments, and state the rule.

Front 16

What is complementary distribution?

Back 16

This is when two allophones do not have any overlapping environments.

Front 17

What is free variation?

Back 17

This is when a speaker may choose among allophones at random.

Front 18

What are the parts of a syllable?

Back 18

A syllable has a nucleus (usually a vowel) and a coda which make up a rhyme, and an onset. The nucleus/rhyme is the only obligatory part.

Front 19

How do you separate intervocalic consonants?

Back 19

You can put all in the onset, all in the coda, or split them half and half. If they are a obstruent and a sonorant in that order, both should go into the onset, if the onset is allowed. If they are a sonorant and an obstruent, in that order, the two should be split.

Front 20

Does a syllable increase or decrease in sonority going towards the nucleus?

Back 20

A syllable will increase.

Front 21

Are onsets limited?

Back 21

Yes, they are limited. If a cluster can be at the beginning of a word, it is allowed.

Front 22

What is an open syllable?

Back 22

This is when a syllable ends is a vowel.

Front 23

What is a closed syllable?

Back 23

This is when a syllable ends is an consonant or group of consonants.

Front 24

What is a morpheme?

Back 24

This is the smallest part of a language that carries meaning.

Front 25

How do you construct words?

Back 25

First you must combine morphemes, then you must apply morphemic rules, then you must apply phonological rules.

Front 26

Are all possible forms of a morpheme stored in a lexicon?

Back 26

No, only the underlying representations are stored.

Front 27

What is an allomorph?

Back 27

These are the variations of a morpheme.

Front 28

What is the difference between a monomorphemic and a multimorphemic word?

Back 28

A monomorphemic word cannot be broken down into different parts. A multimorphemic word can be.

Front 29

What are the three kinds of bound morphemes?

Back 29

An affix, a contraction, and a bound root.

Front 30

Are free morphemes typically stems?

Back 30

No, they are typically roots.

Front 31

What is a root?

Back 31

This is the morpheme that carries the majority of the meaning and has a lexical category.

Front 32

What is the definition of an exocentric compound?

Back 32

This is a compound whose meaning cannot be determined by putting the meaning of the parts together.

Front 33

What is an endocentric compound?

Back 33

This is a compound whose meaning can be determined by putting the meaning of the parts together.

Front 34

What are the two kinds of semantic ambiguity?

Back 34

Sentences can be lexically or structurally ambiguous.

Front 35

What is entailment?

Back 35

This is when the truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of another, and the falsity of the second sentence guarantees the falsity of the first.

Front 36

What causes entailment?

Back 36

This is caused by the meaning of logical words, the presence or absence of modifiers, a syntactic transformation, and the semantic relationship between words.

Front 37

What is a predicate?

Back 37

This is a lexical component with any complements.

Front 38

What is the intension of a predicate?

Back 38

This is the condition under which something applies to entities.

Front 39

What is the extension of a predicate?

Back 39

This is the set of entities something applies to.

Front 40

What is the intension of a sentence?

Back 40

This is the meaning of a sentence; this can be represented by truth conditions.

Front 41

What is the extension of a sentence?

Back 41

This is the truth value of a sentence.

Front 42

What does inclusive or imply?

Back 42

This implies that one thing or another thing or both things may be true.

Front 43

Is exclusive or available in the scope of negation?

Back 43

No, this may not be negated.

Front 44

What is presupposition?

Back 44

This is the background against which something else is said; assumed knowledge shared by speakers.

Front 45

What is the difference between semantics and pragmatics?

Back 45

Semantics focuses on the aspect of meaning independent of language. Pragmatic focuses on meaning in the context of a relationship between speakers.

Front 46

What triggers presupposition?

Back 46

Change of state verbs, adverbs, factive verbs, again, additive particles, the definite article, the possessor phrases, and cleft construction are all triggers.

Front 47

How can we determine if something is entailment or presupposition?

Back 47

We can make this determination by negating the first sentence: an entailment will not survive, but a presupposition will.

Front 48

What is presupposition projection?

Back 48

This is when one part of a sentence creates a presupposition and the rest of the clauses of a sentence operate on these presuppositions.

Front 49

What are the maxims of conversation?

Back 49

Manner, Relevance, Quality, and Quantity.

Front 50

What are scalar implications?

Back 50

These are things like must/may, passable/good/great/excellent, where when one this is true, every other quality below it is taken as true and every quality above it is taken as false.

Front 51

Where are modals born?

Back 51

These are born in I.

Front 52

In what question type is there I to C movement?

Back 52

In matrix questions.

Front 53

Where do negation words go in VPs?

Back 53

These go in the specifier position of VPs.

Front 54

What is inserted to realized tense features?

Back 54

Do is inserted for this purpose.

Front 55

What operation forms S-structure?

Back 55

The move operation forms this structure.

Front 56

What 2 kinds of transformations are in the Move operation?

Back 56

Head movement and Wh-movement are the two transformations.

Front 57

What verbs can move from V to I in English?

Back 57

"be" and "have" can move this way.

Front 58

How can we test for I?

Back 58

We can test using inversion and negation.

Front 59

Where are modifiers in a tree?

Back 59

These are located on their own X' level.

Front 60

What attaches at the XP level?

Back 60

The specifier attaches here.

Front 61

What is the "C" an abbreviation of?

Back 61

This is an abbreviation for "complementizer"

Front 62

What are the lexical and functional categories?

Back 62

These are N, V, A, and P, and I, C, respectively.

Front 63

What replaces a V' in substitution test?

Back 63

"Do so" replaces this.

Front 64

What are the constituency tests for NPs?

Back 64

Substitution, movement, and coordination apply to this phrase type.

Front 65

What is N' replaced by?

Back 65

This is replaced by "one".

Front 66

What is NP replaced by?

Back 66

This is replaced by a pronoun.

Front 67

What are the two syntactic operation?

Back 67

The two operations are Merge and Move.

Front 68

What are functional words?

Back 68

These are words like "the," which carry no meaning.

Front 69

What are lexical categories?

Back 69

These encompass words that have meaning, like nouns and adjectives.

Front 70

What are the tests for determining category?

Back 70

We use meaning, inflection, and distribution for this purpose.

Front 71

How are Yes/No questions formulated?

Back 71

These are formulated by subject/auxillary verb inversion.

Front 72

What is inflection?

Back 72

This is when a morpheme modifies a word to indicate features of grammar.

Front 73

What is the only case indicated in English?

Back 73

The genitive case.

Front 74

What is aspect?

Back 74

This expresses the duration or completion of an event.

Front 75

What are the 8 inflectional affixes in English?

Back 75

These are past tense, progressive tense, plural, agreement (3rdsing), possessive, perfective aspect, comparative, and superlative.

Front 76

What are root internal changes also called?

Back 76

This is also called ablaut (used in the context of vowels.)

Front 77

What is suppletion?

Back 77

This is when one morpheme is replaced entirely by another form to signify a grammatical change.

Front 78

Do inflectional affixes change the grammatical category of a word?

Back 78

No, inflectional affixes do not.

Front 79

Do derivational affixes change the grammatical category of a word?

Back 79

Yes, derivational affixes do.

Front 80

Contrast the productivity of derivational and inflective affixes.

Back 80

Inflective affixes are more productive. Derivational affixes only apply to a restricted set of bases.

Front 81

Does adding a prefix change the grammatical category?

Back 81

No, adding this does not change the lexical category, but it can change the meaning.

Front 82

What is backformation?

Back 82

This is when a new word is creased by de-affixing things.

Front 83

What is zero derivation?

Back 83

This is when a word is assigned to a new lexical category with no affixation or modification. This is also known as conversion.

Front 84

What is acronym formation?

Back 84

This is when a new word is formed by taking the initial sounds or letters in a string of words.

Front 85

What is clipping?

Back 85

This is when a new word is made by shortening an existing, multisyllabic word.

Front 86

What is blending?

Back 86

This is when a new word is created by combining parts of old words. This new word is typically stored as a new lexical entry.

Front 87

Must affixes be attached in a certain order?

Back 87

Yes, affixes must be attached in this manner.

Front 88

What are special morphological considerations for compounds?

Back 88

We must more heavily consider interpretation in this case, and the meaning of the internal structure.