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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Low Intensity Language Contact
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contact has not existed for a long time and has allowed only limited social interaction of speakers of languages involved - only lexical borrowing
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High Intensity Language Contact
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long term contact with high level of social interaction among speakers of the langauges involved - results in Bilingualism
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Prestige and Language Contact
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when two languages have unequal levels of prestige - language of the dominant group is called a Superstratum while the language of the less dominant group is call Substratum
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Define Borrowing
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Adoption of linguistic features or items by one language from another language in contact situation - can affect all levels of linguistic structure
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Phonological borrowing
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language adopts a new sound from another lanuage
ex) /3/ from French to English (rouge) |
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Morphological Borrowing
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adoption of morphological elements by one langage from another - affixes included
ex) -ible and -able from french to English |
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Lexical borrowing
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adoption of word or part of word from one language to another
ex) pizza, spaghetti :: Italian to English |
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Syntactic Borrowing
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adoption of surface word order from one language to another
ex) Greek : Turkish :: SVO : SOV |
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Language Convergence
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development of similarity in linguistic features
ex) Balkan languages in SE Europe share many features due to long contact |
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Language Shift
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shift by group of speakers toward another language while abandoning their native language
ex) Native Americans shift to English |
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Language Endangerment
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language that has less than 500 speakers who can speak the language in day-to-day interaction
ex) Native American languages |
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Language Death
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occurs when it no longer has any speakers actively using it
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Code switching
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refers to the use of two languages or dialects withing a single utterance or conversation
ex) bilingual speakers conversing with each other |
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Diglossia
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situation where different languages are used for different social functions
ex) Nigeria - English in school and office while native tongue is spoken at home and with family |
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Pidgin Languages
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arise in trade situation where the trades do not have a common language
ex) Chinook Jargon developed during fur trade in NW |
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Similarities of Pidgin Languages
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simple syllable structure, no affixes, SVO, words have duel meanings because of small vocabulary
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Creole Languages
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made through nativization of pidgin languages which eventually are acquired as native language by children
ex) mixing of languages - Hatian Creole - French based with African |
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Family Tree Theory
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theory in which languages are assumed to have common ancestors - most similarities are found in familial terms, numbers, and body parts
ex) Greek, Sanskrit, Latin |
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Wave Theory
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theory that recognizes gradual spread of change throughout a dialect or language
like a pebble making waves through a pond |
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Other factors affecting language similarities
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coincidence, borrowing
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SC - Monophthongization
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complex vowel to a simple vowel
[riude] > [rud] |
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SC - Dipthongization
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simple vowel to a complex vowel
[u] > [au] |
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SC - Metathesis
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change in sound order
frist > first |
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SC - Raising
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change in tongue height
non > nun |
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SC - Fronting
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change in position of tongue
calf, path |
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SC - Assimilation
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adjacent sounds become similar
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SC - Deletion
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sounds no longer pronounced
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SC - Syncope
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loss of medial syllable
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SC - Apocope
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loss of final syllable
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SC - Aphaeresis
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loss of beginning syllable
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MC - Back Formation
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worker : work :: burglar : burgle
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MC - Folk Etymology
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sickle-cell anemia > sick-as-hell anemia
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MC - False Segmentation
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ME: a napron > NE: an apron
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MC - Blending
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smoke + fog = smog
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MC - Clipping
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dormitory > dorm
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MC - Coinages
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new words formed
ex) Kodak |
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MC - Conversions
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nouns to verbs :: verbs to nouns
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MC - Eponyms
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words named for people connected to them
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Diachronic syntactic change
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study of linguistic state of a language over time; studies the development of a language through time
ex) Old -Middle -Modern English |
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Semantic Change - Broadening
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increase in context of a word
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Semantic Change - Narrowing
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reduction of context of a word
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Semantic Change - Melioration
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word takes on a grander connotation
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Semantic Change - Pejoration
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word acquires a lesser connotation
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