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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dummy subject
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ex. it, there
-place holders that have no meaning by acts as the subject "It is raining. There was thunder." |
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Coupula
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ex. be
- links a subject and a verb "He is tall. The door is brown." |
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Auxillary
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ex. might, will
- special kind of verb used to describe specific conditions -- tense, possibility, question negation "He may fall. He will fall." |
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Non-declarative
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a non-delcaring sentence
"Are you going to the store?" |
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Determiner
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ex. some, more, much, a, the
not considered adjectives by come before nouns |
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Presupposition
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something you infer when you make the statement as a speaker
"Debora has a cute cat." -presupposition: debora has a cat |
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What is the presupposition in the sentence: "Mary's brother bought an apartment."
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presupposition: Mary has a brother.
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Entailment
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what is happening in the sentence
"Someone cheated on the exam." "John cheated on the exam." John-sentence entails the other -- if John cheated on the exam then someone cheated on the exam, but if someone cheated on the exam, John did not necessarily cheat on the exam. |
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in the sentences:
"Someone is singing." and "Suzie is singing." Which sentence is doing the entailing? |
The Suzie-sentence is entailing the other. Suzie is singing entails someone is singing BUT someone is singing does not entail that suzie is.
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object controlled sentence
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the object of the sentence is doing the action
"Bob persuaded MIKE to clean the submarine" -- mike is cleaning |
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subject controlled sentence
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the subject of the sentence is doing the aciton
"BOB promised Mike to clean the submarine" -- bob is cleaning |
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Descriptive grammar
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has as its goal to describe what the native speakers of a language do (verbally) when they speak their language (the meaning of the word grammar as used in this course).
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Prescriptive grammar
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categorizes certain language uses as
acceptable or unacceptable according to a standard form of the language (the meaning of ‘grammar’ normally intended in English classes) |
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whats and example of the statement: "One language’s standard is another language’s substandard."
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french and english negation rules
French standard: double negation english standard: single negation |
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what is the "friggin-inifxation" rule
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Friggin can be inserted only before a stressed syllable
examples: -fan-friggin-TAS-tic |
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fd
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df
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what does LAD stand for? And what is it?
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language acquisition device. The way that we acquire language is and "instinct" meaning that
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Do we acquire language the same way that we acquire other abilities such
as walking, 3-D vision? |
yes, instinct.
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In a child, the LAD actively constructs an (unconscious) system of rules from the linguistic input the child receives. What is this called?
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mental grammar.
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true or false. The LAD-determined
features form a universal grammar? |
True.
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structural ambiguity vs lexical ambiguitiy
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structural ambiguity gives multiple meanings to one sentence where as lexical ambiguity means that one word has multiple meanings
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what does phrase structure grammar show?
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-specify grammatical categories
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A grammar is finite, the number of possible sentences is infinite. What are the sources of infinity?
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coordination, recursion
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What is a binding principal C?
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If a pronoun and a full NP (Lugar, the senator ) corefer, the full NP must not be contained in a sister constituent of the pronoun
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Words
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hard to define; roughly: the smallest parts that syntax can manipulate
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Listemes
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any structure — simple, or morphologically or syntactically complex — whose meaning or other
formal properties are not predictable |
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Morphemes
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the smallest meaning-bearing elements of a language
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right-hand-head-rule
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the head is the farthest right element in a complex word--ie suffixes
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u shaped development
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1. Children start by uttering correct forms (e.g. went, cried ).
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Code-Switching (CS)
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the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems
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Code-Switching is not arbitrary but rule governed. True or false
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true! If people have intuitions about the grammaticality of CS utterances, they must have a rule system in their mind disciminating grammatical and ungrammatical utterances. Grammatical judgments internal grammar competence
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Vowels are classified by. . .
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-How high the tongue is in the mouth
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aspiration
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voiceless oral stops are aspirated before vowels when at the beginning of a syllable
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Final Devoicing
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oral stops and fricatives are voiceless in syllable-final position
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what do phonological rules account for in sound?
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phonological rules account for regularities in languages sounds;
they relate an underlying form to a surface form in certain environments; these regularities are language specific; accordingly, so are phonological rules |
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how do infants learn language?
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0-6 mo. - universal listeners
6-12 mo. - language specific listeners |
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How do babies segment?
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listening to the rhythm of speech
-english 2-syllable words have Ss and french have sS used headturn preference procedure (HPP) |
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within the first year of an infants life, the speech perception system becomes turned into the infants native language. what does this do to the ability to process other languages?
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the ability for the infant to process other languages diminishes
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Sign languages are.. universal. true or false
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false
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Sign languages are.. manual codes for spoken language. true or false
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false
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Sign languages are.. elaborate systems of pantomime or gesture. true or false
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false
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Sign languages are.. visiual-spatial languages used by the deaf, as well as many hearing children born to deaf parents. true or false
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true
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Sign languages are.. the most natural means for the deaf to communicate. true or false
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true
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Sign languages are.. fully developed human languages, with all the same complexities of spoken language. true or false
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true
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what are the four parameters of signing? (like classifications of sounds)
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-handshape
-palm orientation -movement -location |
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one example of modality in SL in reference to affixation
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nonconcatenative morphology: instead of adding affixes to words, SL changes the root itself
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language is processed in which hemisphere?
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left
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what does right hemi damage cause?
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impaired spatial processing but intact use of space in sign
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what two elements are combined to make a statement?
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the argument and the predicate
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