Ling 230 Final

Front 1

simple proposition

Back 1

Representable by a single Predicator

Front 2

Illocutionary act

Back 2

Is the speaker’s intention/intended function Ex: I am so grateful that… (thanking, congratulating, accusing, naming, offering giving permission, any social convention)

Front 3

Perlocutionary act

Back 3

Is carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others.

Front 4

Transitive

Back 4

Given a two place predicate P, if for any trio of referring expressions X,Y, and Z the compound sentence XPY and XPZ ENTAILS the sentence XPZ, then P is transitive. Ex: The King is in his counting house (X) and his counting house is in his castle (y). Entails The King is in his castle (z) Predicate in is transitiveIF P THEN Q, IF Q THEN R, IF P THEREFORE R

Front 5

Intransitive

Back 5

Given a two place predicate P, if for any trio of relating expressions X, Y, and Z, the compound sentence XPY and XPZ is a CONTRADICTORY of XPZ, then P is intransitive. Ex: John is the father of Bill (x) and Bill is the father of Sue (y) is incompatible with John is the father of Sue (z), so father is intransitive.

Front 6

directive act

Back 6

Is the illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker trying to get the hearer to behave in some required way.

Front 7

comissive act

Back 7

Is the illocutionary act in which the speaker commits himself to behave in some required way. Ex: Promising and swearing (in one sense) are commissive acts.

Front 8

symmetric

Back 8

Given a two place predicate P, for any pair of referring expressions X and Y, the sentence XPY ENTAILS the sentence YPX, then P is symmetric Ex: Same is symmetric predicate, since for any X and Y, X is the same as Y entails Y is the same as X (if X is the same as Y, then Y must be the same as X)

Front 9

asymmetric

Back 9

Given a two place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is a CONTRADICTORY of YPX, then P is ASYMMETRIC predicate. Ex: John is taller then Bill is a contradictory of Bill is taller than John. Therefore taller than is an asymmetric predicate.

Front 10

reflexive

Back 10

Given a two place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or for any pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g. john himself), the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is ANALYTIC, then P is a REFLEXIVE predicate. Ex: The predicate as tall as is reflexive, because whenever we form a sentence with one referring expression as its subject and put another with the same referent as tall himself, the result is an analytic sentence.

Front 11

irreflexive

Back 11

Given a two place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or for any pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g. John and himself) the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is a CONTRADICTION Ex: The predicate is taller than is an IRREPLEXIVE, because any sentence X is taller than Y, where X and Y habe the same referent, is bound to be a contradiction.

Front 12

Compositionality of meaning

Back 12

The meaning of any expression is a function of the meanings of the parts of which it is composed. Ex: The truth given for & and V are in fact functions of the kind mentioned in this definition

Front 13

flicity conditions

Back 13

statement must relate to a future action

Speaker was believe that the hearer wants the action to occur

The speaker believes that the hearer believes that the speaker can make the proposed act occur

It is not obvious that the proposed action will happen naturally.

Front 14

ajacency pairs

Back 14

turn taking

Front 15

implicature

Back 15

A concept of utterance meaning as opposed to sentence meaning, but it’s parallel in many ways to the sense relation (i/e/ sentence meaning concept) of entailment

Front 16

derivation

Back 16

the process of forming new words according to a regular pattern on the bases of pre- exsisting words.

Front 17

coversion

Back 17

derivation involving no morphological process at all. A root morpheme is converted from one part of speech to another without the addition of either a prefix or suffix to the root.

Front 18

agent

Back 18

the person deliberately carrying out the action described

Front 19

affected

Back 19

participant or thing upon which the action is carried out, in many cases the thing is changed by action

Front 20

instrument

Back 20

the thing by which the action is carried out

Front 21

Location

Back 21

where the action occurs

Front 22

beneficiary

Back 22

whose benefit-detriment the action is carried out

Front 23

experiencer

Back 23

the person who is mentally aware of the action (in a sentence), but is not in control.

Front 24

theme

Back 24

The thing or person who is perceived by the experiencer and where the location is described.

Front 25

structural metaphor

Back 25

abstract metaphorical systems in which an entire complex mental concept is structured in terms of some other concpt.

Front 26

orientational metaphor

Back 26

in which concepts are spatially related to each other

Front 27

ontological metaphor

Back 27

in which an abstraction, such as an activity, emotion, or idea, is represented as something concrete, such as an object, substance, container, or person.

Front 28

metonymy

Back 28

is a kind of non-literal language in which one entity is used to refer to another entity is associated with it in some way. In other words , metonymic concepts allow us to conceptualize one thing by means of it’s pelation to somethign else

Front 29

polysemy

Back 29

multiple meanings of a single word or phrase,

Front 30

How are two formulas semantically equivalent?

Back 30

if they have the same logical content.

Front 31

Gricean maxims

Back 31

Quality-Don’t say things that you believe are false

Quantity- informative as necessary. Not too much, not too little.

Relation- Is it relevant?

Manner- Clear, brief, and orderly

Front 32

performative verb

Back 32

when used in simple positive present tense sentences, with a 1st person singular subject, can make the utterance of that sentence performative Hereby

Front 33

performative utterances

Back 33

perform speech act and simioustaniously describe that act

Front 34

Direct speech act

Back 34

for matches intended function

Front 35

indirect speech act

Back 35

form does not match intended function

Front 36

Modus Ponens

Back 36

If the problem/ proposition PENTAILS proposition Q, and P is true, Q is true ex: It’s raining, then the street is wet. It’s raining. Therefore the street is wet. ex: p → Q

Front 37

commutativity of conjunction

Back 37

p&q therefore q&p

Front 38

communtativity of disjunction

Back 38

pVq therefore qVp

Front 39

semantic collocation

Back 39

words that frequently go together