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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cattle
-point of balance -importance |
-shoulder
-stand behind so animal move forward -stand in front so animal moves back |
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Flight zone
-definition |
-animal's personal space
-distance from the handler that the animal feels comfortable |
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Flight Zone
-size depends on |
-tameness
-excitability -if the animal is approached head on |
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Animal reaction to handler inside/outside flight zone
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-inside: turn other way
-outside: face handler |
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Normal cattle behavior
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-follow others
-move into light -balk due to distractions: gate, people, floor, noise, etc. -dislike color change |
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Signalment of normal, healthy cattle
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-head up
-ears up -rumination -rumen fill -grooming signs -wet nose |
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Signalment of sick cattle
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-head down
-drooped ears -arched back -won't move -poor haircoat -gaunt -dry nose |
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Indications to perform a physical exam on a cow
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-individual animal
-investigate herd outbreak -health certificate for transport |
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Most important step of the physical exam
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-history
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History
-components |
-signalment
-diet -housing -stage of production -chief complaint -previous treatment -vaccinations/deworming |
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Things to look at with a distance exam
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-environment
-demeanor -segregation -eating/drinking behavior -urination -how animal lies down and rises -lameness -abdominal contour |
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Things that can be examined visually
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-movement/strength/lameness
-conformation -back arching -hair -discharge -elbow abduction -head position -respiratory rate -BCS |
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Dairy BCS
-out of |
-5
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Beef BCS
-out of |
-9
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Dairy BCS
-important anatomy |
-tailhead
-pinbone -hook bone -vertebrae |
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Beef BCS
-important anatomy |
-more or less full body
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Types of restraint
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-halter
-headgate -chute -tilt-table -chemical |
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Things to collect first in a physical exam
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-temp
-heart rate -urine |
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Physical exam
-what should be examined last |
-head
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Urine Collection
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rub eustacheon in upward motion
-ventral commissure to top of udder -preputial orifice |
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Normal urine dipstick readings
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-pH 7-9
-glucose neg. -ketone neg. (fresh cow slight ketosis) -protein neg. -occult blood neg. |
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Normal temp
-adult -calf |
-adult: 100.5-102.5
-calf: 101.5-103 |
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Heart rate
-adult -calf |
-adult: 60-80 BPM
-calf: 100-140 BPM |
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Left side heart valve locations
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-pulmonic: axilla @ 3rd space
-aortic: shoulder @ 4th space -mitral: b/n shoulder and elbow @ 5th space |
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What else should be observed when auscultating the heart?
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-jugular vein
-caudal superficial epigastric vein |
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Normal breathing rate
-adult -calf |
-adult: 12-36 breaths/min
-calf: 30-60 breaths/min |
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About how far caudal do the lungs reach
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-11 rib
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Abdominal ping due to
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-fluid/gas interface
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Things to help with location of abdominal problems
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-ping
-ballottement |
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Where to listen for rumen contractions
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-paralumbar fossa
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Normal rumen contraction rate
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-1-3 contractions/min
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Peripheral lymph nodes to palpate on cow
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-prefemoral LN
-prescapular LN |
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Things to palpate on udder
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-symmetry and suspension
-heat -hardness -edema -teat lesions -supramammary LN |
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Right side heart valve location
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-tricuspid: b/n shoulder and elbow @ 3rd space
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Why auscultate the trachea?
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-differentiate upper respiratory sounds
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Pings on the right side can be caused by:
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-RDA/RTA
-cecal dilatation/torsion -small intestinal gas -physometra -pneumoperitoneum -pneumorectum |
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How to assess cranial abdominal/thoracic pain
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-withers pinch/grunt test
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Withers pinch
-normal cow |
-will ventroflex
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Grunt test
-how to perform |
-place board in xiphoid region and apply upward pressure
-positive test cow will kick, grunt, etc. |
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Eye examination
-look for |
-enophthalmus/exophthalmos
-discharge -corneal opacity -scleral injection -pupillary light response -masses menace reflex |
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Ear exam
-look for |
-temperature
-erosions -discharge -dropped ear |
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Nares exam
-look for |
-discharge
-plaques -erosions -hemorrhage -flaring -sinus percussion (should be hollow sounding) |
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oral cavity exam
-look at |
-tongue tone
-dentition -mucous membrane color -erosions -vesicles -masses -blunt papillae -breath smell |
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Aging cattle with teeth
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-2 yr: central incisors full
-3 yr: intermediate incisors full -4 yr: second intermediate incisors full -5-6 yr: all incisors |
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Lymph nodes of the submandibular region
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-parotid LN
-submandibular LN |
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CN to examine while at head
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-1-8
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Why perform rectal exam last?
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-abdominal percussion
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Recal exam
-look for |
-exterior signs of blood, melena, discharge
-repro status -uterine discharge -rumen size, consistency, doughyness -left kidney size, pain -small intestine, cecum, spiral colon in right quadrant -iliac LNs |
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Location of left kidney
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-dorsal midline
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LN examine rectally
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-iliac LNs
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Test to check for mastitis
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-California Mastitis Test
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California Mastitis Test
-measures what? |
-somatic cell count
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California Mastitis Test
-reason for false positives |
-low milk prod
-colostrum -teat/udder injury |
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Indications for a vaginal exam
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-pre/post calving
-abnormal on rectal exam |
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What is important to do with a vaginal exam?
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-wash first
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Vaginal exam
-look for |
-vaginal/cervical tears
-retained fetal membranes -metritis -fetus |
